Information system theory Essay

Information system theory describes about the theoretical knowledge of computer sciences. It is system that process the knowledge related to a particular study. The information system theories effectively contribute in creating, building, compiling, organizing and transferring data into the information to make better results from the research. There are several IT theories that can be used to get good outcomes such as agency theory, game theory, organizational information processing theory and knowledge-based theory of the firm (Lerner, 2004). The data, information and knowledge are quite similar words that are used in the firm. All these words have different meaning due to their use in the IT theories (Nickerson & Zenger, 2004). Data refers to the records that are used to refer the statistical observation and collection of components. Thus, data is the collection of evidence that is used to record for the purpose of firm. On the other hand, information is the process that is used in different forms. Generally, information is considered as the meaningful data that are appropriately converted and managed by the organizational managers with the use of conversion process. It is perceived as potentially signifying something and a process of informing that is used to develop sustainable resources. †¨At the same time, knowledge describes about what someone knows, what they believe etc. Knowledge is the relationship between data and its elements that are collected from the information. Thus, knowledge is proper collection of information that is useful for the organizational purpose to attain competitive advantage and superior performance. In a real world situation, it can be described that when anyone memorizes any information, then it combines the knowledge (Liew, 2007). Knowledge also has useful meaning for the information that is settled in the mind of a human. In computer phrasing, all the application contains stored knowledge that is exercised by applicants. From the list of IT theories, knowledge-based theory of the firm is selected as an IT theory. This theory contains the  most important strategic resource of the firm that is information. Information is the processed data that is converted into the data to use in a firm. The supporter of this theory argued that it is a quite difficult and socially complex theory to sustain competitive advantages and superi or corporate performance from the market (Leonard & Swap, 2005). This theory is based on the heterogeneous knowledge and information of the firm. In this theory, the firm to take strategic actions effectively uses knowledge. Information is gathered by the organization from the organizational people. The data is quite applicable in the knowledge-based theory of firm, because data is the important part of the organizational processes. These data are used by the organization to make identity, policies, routines, documents, systems for the organization and its employees. The data is recorded and reported by the organizational people (Leonard & Swap, 2005). The subordinates provide this data to its superior that is maintained by the top managers. For example, all the firms use the financial and accounting data to take further data. Strategic management is another way that develops and expands the resource-based view of the firm (Levinson, 2007). Thus, it requires the data as well as information to improve the knowledge based on the resources. All three terms are different from each other due to use in the knowledge based management theory. It is because knowledge can be memorized, but data cannot be memorized since it is not properly managed by anyone. The knowledge provides the effe ctive results by applying knowledge-based theory of firm. At the same time, organization uses the information by converting organizational data into information form (Liew, 2007). References 1. Leonard, D. & Swap, W. (2005). The Knowledge Coach. HBS Working Knowledge. Retrieved March 6, 2012 from: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/4562.html. 2. Lerner, V.S. (2004). Introduction to information systems theory: concepts, formalism and applications. International Journal of Systems Science archive, 35 (7), 1-10. 3. Levinson, M. (2007). Knowledge Management Definition and Solutions. Retrieved March 6, 2012 from http://www.cio.com/article/print/40343. 4. Liew, A. (2007). Understanding Data, Information, Knowledge And Their Inter-Relationships. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 8 (2), 1-8. 5. Nickerson, J.A. & Zenger, T.R. (2004) A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm: The Problem Solving Perspective. Organization Science 00 (0), 1-16.

Organization Study Essay

INTRODUCTION Organization study is â€Å"the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures, processes, and practices and how these, in turn, shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people†, organizational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations, many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research also provide alternative frame for understanding in the field. An organization is a group of persons formed to seek certain goals. Each and every organization has its own importance in the wealth of nation. Different organization meets different products and services. In this fast changing business scenario, it is the imperative for every aspirant of business to have a vivid understanding of the functional application of the new age business. The organization study undertaken as a part of the curriculum was done at â€Å"The Kerala Kerakarshaka Sahakarana Federation Ltd (KERAFED)†, Thiruvananthapuram. This study provides an opportunity to expose the students to an industry /organization and its operational conditions. This study also aims at having a better understanding of various departments and its functioning. This report consists of a detailed study of the history of the company, product profile, organizational hierarchy, various departments and their functioning etc. This study proved to be fruitful by familiarizing us to the organization and at the same time it also helped us to create practical awareness. KERAFED’s main product is ‘KERA’ coconut oil – the purest, healthiest and tastiest cooking oil. The federation started commercial production in 1993. KERAFED’s coconut oil production plant is in Karunagapally in Kollam district. The head office of KERAFED is in Thiruvananthapuram. Regional office in Ernakulum and mobile units are at Malappuram. KERAFED one of the largest coconut oil producers aims at an integrated development of coconut and coconut products. Production plant of KERAFED is having the facilities for processing of copra, extraction and packing. Processing is done through most sophisticated processing facilities. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To study about the organization and how it functions. To learn the working of various departments. To understand how the theoretical aspects are put to practice in the organization. To assess the marketing efforts adopted by the company. To study about the organizational culture. To study various production levels and units. To study the financial activities of the company. To study the overall functioning of the company. It aims to understand the flow of authority inside the organization. To identify and evaluate the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats faced by organization. INDUSTRY PROFILE The coconut palm is one of the most valuable plants to man. In Sanskrit the coconut palm is called â€Å"kalpa vriksha†, which roughly translated means â€Å"Tree of Life†. In India, it provides livelihood to about 10 million people through various activities from its cultivation to processing of its products. All the parts of the coconut tree can be put to useful purposes- the roots, the trunk, the wood, leaves, the blossom and all the parts of the nut. Two major classes of coconut palm are typically recognized on the basis of structure: tall and dwarf. The ones most commonly planted for commercial purposes are the tall varieties, which are slow to mature and first flower six to ten years after planting. They produce medium-to-large size nuts and have a life span of sixty to seventy years. The dwarf varieties may have originated as a mutation of tall types. The dwarf variety may grow to a height of twenty five to thirty feet and begin flower after three years, when the y are only about three feet tall. Their life span is only about thirty years. INDIAN EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY The climate conditions in India favors of a variety of oil seeds. On the demand side, a growing population and vastly varied directory habits have ensured a thriving market for Edible oil in the country. In India, the fasts of animal origin are seldom used as a cooking media; the term vegetable oil is used as a synonym for Edible oil. Thus, Edible oil is a major source of nutrition for the people and oil cakes, which are by-products of oil extraction process and are important sources of animal nutrition. Oil seeds in India account for around 5.0% of the Gross National Product (GNP) and 14.0% of the country’s area under cultivation of crops. Castor, Groundnut, Mustard, Sunflower etc. are some of the major oil seeds grown the rise in oil seeds production has been stimulated by increase in production of soya been and groundnut crops. India produces10% of the world’s oil seeds, but has a low productivity around 850-900 kg per hectare. The oil seeds take their place, next only to food grains, has the second largest agricultural crop. The cultivation of oil seeds in India is spread over various states. In Jan1989, the Government announced an integrated oil policy which emphasizes on the introduction of moved technology and incentive price to the Production Programmed through the technology mission on oil seeds. GLOBAL SCENARIO The oil and fat industry consists of processors of vegetable, animal and marine products that convert these products into edible oils and fats usually sold as food products in their own right or sold as ingredients for further processing into other food products. In India, the facts of animal origin are seldom used as cooking media. Edible oil is a major source of nutrition for the people and the oil cakes which are by-products of the extraction process are important sources of animal nutrition. Vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits, flowers and seeds of plant and essentially have the same constituent but its propositions may vary. The principle vegetable oils are palm, sunflower, corn, groundnut, cotton seed etc. Among these oil seeds copra or coconut production is only 1%. The crop plays a dominant role in the socio-economic and cultural life of the growers. Indonesia, Philippines and India are the top three leading producers of coconut oil. 3.5 million Tones of coconut oil are produced annually around the world. Coconut Industry in India Coconut palms are grown widely in the coastal tracts of the country. The coconut economy of India is in a convenient status. India accounts for 22.34 percent of the world’s coconut production and is one of the major players in the world’s coconut trade. Currently the crop is 1.91 million hectares with an annual production of nearly 13000 million nuts. Copra processing, coconut oil extraction and coir manufacturing are the traditional coconut based industries in the country. The price of the coconut in the country is dependent on the prevailing price of coconut oil which is characterized by recurring violent fluctuations. The behavior of coconut oil price is relatively dependent on overall supply of oils and fats in the country. The fluctuation in the price of the coconut oil simultaneously reflects on the price of coconut. The volatile price situation often ends in the negligence of the coconut gardens, leading to attack of pests and diseases and low productivity. Of the range of ways, promoting cost effective coconut based farming system, product diversification and value addition play a crucial role in the stabilization of the coconut oil driven domestic market and is essential for reorienting and engineering the Indian Coconut Industry cost effective and globally competitive. The Coconut Development Board has been playing pivotal role in promoting viable coconut based farming system, on-farm processing and products development. The production and marketing of value added products have started attracting commercial interest and the situation brought rejuvenation in the sector. The market promotional measures undertaken in pursuit of the popularization of health benefits of coconut oil and tender coconut water have attributed a stimulating effect on the less dependency of coconut oil driven coconut economy. There has been a well defined network in the country to undertake the R&D of coconut. The State Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes, Agriculture/Horticulture Departments of States/UTs, organizations like NAFED, KERAFED etc. and private institutions contribute to the pursuit of the research and development process of coconut in the country. STRENGTH OF INDIAN COCONUT INDUSTRY India is one of the leading producers of coconuts in the world, producing 13 billion nuts per annum. The coconut areas are distributed in 18 states and three Union Territories under different agro-climatic conditions. India has 3000 years tradition in coconut cultivation. It is the premier coir manufacturing country in the world. India is the producer of best grade milling copra in the world yielding high grade coconut oil known for its aroma and flavor. Large number of farmer’s co-operative societies in primary processing and marketing. Government agencies such as KERAFED, State Trading Corporation, Kerala State Marketing Federation and Karnataka State Marketing Federation in manufacturing and marketing of branded coconut oil in small packs. Hundreds of reputed and established private firms in manufacturing and marketing of various coconut products including branded coconut oil in small packs. ïÆ' ¼There are wide ranges of coconut products both edible and non-edible available for export. Technical know-how and trained manpower for the manufacture of various coconut based products. There is an availability of research support by reputed research organizations such as CSIR, ICAR and DRDO. Coconut Products in India A large number of coconut products are manufactured in the country which have both domestic and export market. Vinegar and soft drink are manufactured in the country from coconut water. Tender coconut water is another product which is manufactured and marketed successfully. Coconut Products Coconut Oil Coconut oil makes up about 20% of all vegetable oils used in the world. Copra, the dried kernel is the chief commercial product from coconut, which is mainly used for oil extraction. Coconut oil is made from fully dried copra having maximum moisture content of 6%. For the extraction of oil from copra the common method still prevailing in our country is by using rotary chucks. But the efficient system of extraction of oil is by the use of expellers. Coconut oil is an important cooking medium in Southern parts of the country especially in Kerala State. Besides, the oil has varied industrial applications. It is used in the manufacture of detergents, hair tonics, cosmetics and toilet soaps, laundry soaps, and surface active agents. It is used throughout the country as hair oil as it helps growth of the hair. As massage oil it has a cooling effect on the body. Owing to these qualities coconut oil has a potential market in the country. Since the price of a coconut oil in the international market is very much lower than the domestic price, the quality and attractiveness of consumer packs are important factors to compete in the world market. While the demand for coconut oil for cooking purpose is elastic, its demand as hair oil is inelastic. Coconut oil is marketed in bulk as well as in packs ranging from sachets containing 5 ml to 15 kg tins. The branded coconut oil in small packs is mainly marketed as hair oil and body oil. There are several brands known for their superior grade oil which have export market throughout the world. India has unbeatable quantity advantage in this sector. Refined coconut oil is also manufactured in the country for industrial uses. Refined coconut oil is mainly used in the manufacture of biscuits, chocolates and other confectionary items, ice cream, pharmaceutical products and costly paints. Generally, filtered coconut oil is used for cooking and toiletry purposes. Virgin Coconut Oil Virgin Coconut Oil is also made in the country from the milk extracted from raw kernel. This is done on a small scale by the traditional method which is now partially mechanized or on a large scale by adopting wet processing technology. Coconut milk is fermented and then by mechanical process, water is separated from oil. No heating or application of sunlight or dryer is done for the process. The virgin coconut oil is free from Trans fatty acid, high in medium chain fats known as lauric acid, which is identical to special groups of fats found human breast milk and also rich in vitamin-E. High quality of this oil makes it ideal massage oil for babies and also for skin and hair applications. APPLICATIONS Cooking Coconut oil is widely used in cooking, the refined oil is one most commonly used. Manufacturing Coconut oil is used in volume quantities for making soap and cosmetics. Hydrogenated coconut oil is often used in non-dairy creamers, and snack foods. ïÆ' ¼Fractionated coconut oil is used in the manufacture of essences, massage oils and cosmetics. Coconut oil is an important component of many industrial lubricants, for example in the cold rolling of steel strip. Cosmetics and skin treatments Coconut oil is excellent as a skin moisturizer and softener. Coconut oil is used for styling hair, and cooling or smoothing the head. As a fuel- Traditional use Coconut oil is used in oil lamps. In diesel engines Coconut oil has been tested for use as a feedstock for biodiesel to be used as a diesel engine fuel. In this manner it can be applied to power generators and transport using diesel engines. Raw coconut oil can be used as a fuel for generating electricity by remote communities that has an abundant supply of coconuts and milling capacity, provided diesel engines are adapted. Health effects Studies have found that coconut oil can help in weight loss and poison recovery. Nutritional/Medicinal Easy digestibility and absorbability. Ideal energy source in baby foods. Contains Vitamin-E. Composed mainly of short and medium chain fatty acids which have desirable qualities and functions. Does not contain cholesterol. Reduced fat accumulation in body. Easily oxidized and therefore a preferred energy source. Requires no transport system to absorb, digest and metabolize. Very low content of Omega 6 fatty acid. Studies undertaken by the Biochemistry Department, University of Kerala showed that coconut oil: Does not elevate blood total cholesterol Increases blood HDL cholesterol Consumed along with coconut kernel lowers blood cholesterol Copra Copra is the dried meat or kernel of the coconut. Copra making can be defined as the systematic process through which the fresh meat coconut containing 50 to 55% moisture is dried in sun or other sources of to bring down the moisture content 5% to 6% only. Eleven to twelve month old nuts are utilized for copra making to obtain the optimum output of better quality copra. The nuts are first husked to remove the fibrous outer layer of the husk. The husked nuts are then split into halves and the water is drained off. These halves are then kept for half an hour with the open side turned down to ensure that entire water is drained off, if this is not done, some moisture will be retained which will in turn lead to deterioration of copra. The halves or cups are now ready for drying, which should invariably start within 4 hours after breaking. Two types of copra namely milling and edible are made in India. Milling copra is used to extract oil while edible grade of copra is consumed as a dry fruit and used for religious purposes. Milling copra is generally manufactured by adopting sun drying and artificial means. Substantial quantity of milling copra is manufactured using modern hot air driers resulting in the availability of superior quality copra which is required for the manufacture of best grade coconut oil. A good number of farmers’ co-operative societies are also involved in the manufacture and marketing of milling copra. Milling copra is available in different grades. Edible copra is made in the form of balls and cups. Different grades of edible copra are available in the market according to the size, color etc. Quality of copra is determined based on moisture content and extend of inferior type of copra. Inferior types of copra are generally: Mould effect Immature or rubbery copra made from immature nuts. Insect attacked copra. Discolored copra. Good quality copra is one which contains not more than 6% moisture. Coconut oil is obtained by crushing copra and most efficient method of extraction is by using expeller. Methods of extraction of oil Various methodsYield of oil Chucks58% – 60% Rotary Mills 62% – 63% Expellers63% – 65% Source: Annual report Coconut Cake Coconut cake is the residue left after the extraction of oil from copra which is mainly used as a cattle feed. Coconut cake contains 4 – 5 percent oil which is extracted by solvent extraction process. This oil is generally used for industrial purpose and de-oiled cake is used to make mixed cattle feed. There are a few such units in the country especially in Kerala. NAFED National agricultural co-operative marketing federation, which was organized in 1958, represents the entire marketing structure at the national level. It was established with the object of coordinately and promoting the marketing and trading activities of the members in agricultural and other commodities. Their main objectives are:- ïÆ' ¼To make arrangements for the supply of agricultural requirements of its members. ïÆ' ¼To promote interstate and international trade in agricultural and other commodities. ïÆ' ¼To render advice and technical guidance to its members. The main aim of NAFED is to assist the marketing of cooperatives in the states to develop their marketing businesses. In order to achieve this NAFED adopts various strategies with a view to ensure better returns to the farmers. It undertakes price support operation, buffer stocking, export and import of commodities etc to balance production with consumption. When the government of India formulates policies for support price in respect of certain commodities, it appoints NAFED as its agency for procurement. Coconut Day (2nd September) September 2nd of every year has been designated as coconut day as per the decision of Asian and Pacific Coconut Community head quarters at Jakarta, Indonesia. Foundation day of APCC also falls on 2nd September. A major coconut growing countries including India are the members of the APCC. The celebration of the annual coconut day is aimed at creating more awareness on the importance of the coconut and focusing world attention to this crop to enhance its potential in alleviating poverty, encouraging investment in the sector and promote total development of coconut industry in the member countries. In India coconut development board is taking the lead in the annual celebration of the coconut day. COMPANY PROFILE â€Å"Kerala Kerakarshaka Sahakarana Federation Ltd†, (KERAFED) was registered under the co-operative societies Act in 1987, with assistance of European Economic Community, National Cooperative Development Corporation and the government of Kerala. KERAFED is the Apex Cooperative Federation of coconut farmers in Kerala and is the largest producer of coconut oil in India. The federation started commercial production in 1993. The head office of KERAFED is located in Thiruvananthapuram. KERAFED’s coconut oil complex at Karunagapally in Kollam district is one of the biggest such units in India, with a capacity of 200 tons per day. The primary objective of KERAFED is to organize coconut growers by bringing them under the cooperative umbrella and to provide them with all supplies and services to augment their income base by increased productivity and value additions through the integrated system of production achievement, storage, processing, diversification and marketing of coconut oil and all/any products of coconut palm at a price remunerative to growers and fair to consumers. As the coconut farmers in Kerala were reeling under the strange hold of powerful country trade cartels that consistently manipulate market conditions and dictate price trend to their advantage, KERAFED aimed at procurement of 50% to 60% of the total coconut/copra produced in the state which will be processed at its own processing unit and marketed. KERAFED is the single largest procurers of coconut/copra produced in Kerala from 900 societies all over the state. KERAFED has a good distribution network consisting of stockiest, dealers and suppliers. The Objectives of KERAFED are: To reduce edible oil imports. To provide an impulse effect on internal production of coconut. To develop the agricultural potential of Kerala State. To strengthen the co-operative movement To secure the marketing of coconut and its by-products, thereby assuring economic prices to the growers. ïÆ' ¼To establish and manage infrastructure facilities for production and supply of inputs and processing, manufacturing and marketing of products and by products of coconut palm. ïÆ' ¼To undertake research and development activities on production, processing and marketing. Thus to increase the income of 29 lakh farmers’ families and create employment opportunities in the industrial sector. For effectively and efficiently carrying out the administrative and operational practices on a day to day basis, the state is divided into three region, the southern region, the northern region and central region. The southern region consists of the revenue districts – Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha. The northern region consists of Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannur and Kasargode districts. The central region consists of Kottayam, Idukki, Eranakulam, Thrissur, Palaghat districts. 300 primary agricultural credit cooperatives societies in each region are members of the federation to undertake production, procurement, marketing activities at the farmers’ level. For processing and product diversification, each region will have one processing plant with a capacity 200 tons of copra per day. MOTTO To give support to the coconut farmers. Distributing or providing healthy coconut oil to customers VISION To become the single largest Procurement agency of Copra and the biggest Coconut Products manufacturing Company in India. MISSION Being the number one producer of the best quality coconut oil, it aims at the following areas Business Customer relation Innovation

Greg Beato: Amusing Ourselves to Depth

GREG BEATO: Amusing Ourselves to Depth 1. Tim Keck started The Onion because â€Å"he wanted to create a compelling way to deliver advertising to his fellow students†. â€Å"Part of the first issue’s front page was devoted to a story about a monster running amok at a local lake; the rest was reserved for beer and pizza coupons. † (389) This shows that the newspaper’s direction towards â€Å"fake news† and advertisement. 2.The Onion is one successful newspaper because it prints 710,000 copies of each weekly edition, 6,000 more than the Denver post; have 3000 local advertisers; attract 2 million online readers a week and boast a 60% increase in their print circulation. (389-390) 3. Beato choose the title â€Å"Amusing Ourselves to Depth† because it warns the fate that would befall us if public discourse were allowed to become substantially more entertaining (390), which is the opposite to what The Onion is doing. This suggests Beato is against this idea, and supports The Onion, that entertainment in news is good. 4.Beato mentions â€Å"America’s most informed citizens simply prefer comedy over the stentorian drivel the network anchormannequins dispense,† (390) to argue against Neil Postman’s notion. 5. The Onion focused on expressing a worldview of any kind and delights in crapping on pieties and regularly publishes stories guaranteed to upset someone by being completely honest. 6. Beato is not suggesting that fake news is better than â€Å"real† news but implying that by being honest, expressing a worldview of any kind and not afraid of offending people with a pinch of entertainment is better way to convey news.

Client evaluation for Be Good To Go Research Paper

Client evaluation for Be Good To Go - Research Paper Example The company produces a nutritional health supplements that are geared towards helping people who travel to avoid constipation. Constipation among travelers is a common thing and many people who travel for relatively long distances using any means whether it is train, air, road or even water (ship) suffer from constipation upon reaching their destination (Westen 89). With the Be Good to Go products the traveler can travel safely knowing that they will reach to their destination and even further without having to fear about the issue of constipation. The products are capsules that people who are travelling can take. They come in pairs, one to be taken in the morning and the other in the evening after the parson has reached his or her destination. The mission of the firms is to make sure that people can travel contrary and without having to fear the age old problem of constipation. They achieved this by researching the issue and developing a product that when used properly will help the users to deal with the issue of traveler constipation. For Be Good to Go, it is almost hard to identify which industry or sector to place it. The first is that it not a public firm and scant information has been provided about the firm. However, given the nature of the products that the firm provides to its customers, it is only necessary to place it in the health and nutrition supplement industry. This industry has been regarded as the growth industry with regard to the fact that it is has a fast growing industry that will continue to grow at a very fast rate. The size of the Be Good to Go within this industry can be seen to be both big and small due t two main reasons. First, Be Good to Go has a unique sector in this industry, a sector which is a niche that not many firms have ventured into. In this regard, within this industry, Be Good to Go is a

Managing Innovation Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Innovation Technology - Essay Example This could range from solving a major technological problem through a significant research programme, to simply making some minor improvements to an existing product (IPENZ 2). One example of this type of innovation is the portable MP3 player. This is basically an improvement on the compact disc player. This was market-led as there was an increasing need by the market to have this device, due to the increasing availability of downloadable files, coupled with the relatively low cost. The second is technology-led innovation. This is where a technological breakthrough, often arising from market-led innovation in another sector, creates an opportunity for a new product or service, but one that the market itself has not yet recognised. A market then needs to be developed for this innovation (IPENZ 2). An example of this type of innovation would include the in-house stereo system that is being introduced on the new housing estates in the UK. This involves speakers built into ceilings in al l rooms of house, with the main radio control centre in a central location. This means the occupants of the household, can listen to their favourite radio station, music or television programme without having to take the radio or television with them. In terms of the service sector, innovation would include applications such as the Pay Pal payment system, which is an online payment system or even online banking.For innovation to be successful it has to fulfil a number of factors. It has to have market value and to achieve this there needs to be a close link with the marketing process. There is no point in producing products if the market does not value the innovation. The innovation must be unique and protected in order to prevent competitors making any gains on it. Successful businesses rely on processes that ensure regular and constant innovation as failure is bound to happen when reliance is placed on random innovations. More and more organisations are recognising the importance of managing their innovation technology, as there are massive gains to be made in terms of copyrights and intellectual property. More importantly, they stand to attract other market segments and recognition of their efforts. The processes being employed are also relatively simple, as they entail areas such as knowledge management, and instilling a culture of openness and innovation in the organisation. Good innovation systems also focus on recruiting and retaining highly skilled and trained staff, giving them access to knowledge and then encouraging and enabling them to think and act innovatively. An effective innovation system consists of a variety of factors. The organisation must have a culture that values innovation and where staff are encouraged to think differently and take calculated risks. This requires a change in the organisational culture, as innovation cannot flourish in a static organisation or one which is heavily centralised. For innovation to work, the organisation needs to adopt a learning culture. This is essential in the current environment as the markets are relatively more unstable than they have

Pluto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pluto - Essay Example Pluto has five moons which are Charon, Hydra, Nix, Kerberos, and Styx and there are believed to be many other smaller moons some which have been discovered and others which have not yet been discovered. Charon which is the largest was also discovered first in 1978 followed by Hydra and Nix which were both discovered in 2005. The discovery of these moons suggests that the planet may be having a ring system though past studies show that no ring exists on the planet or on its periphery. It is also worth noting that these moons are unusually close to the dwarf planet than all other objects that surround it and also then it is the case in the majority of other planets which have been explored. The origin and the identity of Pluto are not very clear and there are actually many differing theories all of which try to explain these two aspects. Some of these theories suggest that the planet used to be a moon of the neighboring planet Neptune that escaped from the normal path of circulation he nce resulting to a new planet. Other theories differ with this and argue that the paths of the two planets are far away from each and thus there is no possibility of the two colliding. There is a lot to be explored on Pluto and therefore the possibility of a spacecraft landing on the planet this year is expected to be of great benefit as far as studies concerning the planet are concerned. There is, therefore, need for more studies and visits to be launched in order to solve all the mysteries surrounding the planet.

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACION - Essay Example The variety of guests, with respect to their level of experience with technology, provided exposure to multiple genres of viewpoints and angles with which human computer interaction can be analyzed. The low tech guests provided the information regarding the expectations of users with technology and the common issues that are faced due to overestimation of the skills of the end users. The high tech guests provided valuable feedback regarding the technological methods with which human computer interaction can be enhanced and how user interaction with machines is influenced by different factors and circumstances. The liberty to inquire questions proved to be an effective method of letting the students clear out their confusions and concerns about the topic. The interactive session with the guests gave the students the opportunity to enhance their knowledge and set a broader perspective in their minds regarding the relation of human computer interaction with the environment of the users. Another mode of teaching that proved to help me understand the concepts were the presentation sessions of the students. I believe that an individual can understand any concept from his fellow students as effectively as any of his teacher since the young mind explains the content in the easiest manner. All students have more or less the same level of knowledge for a topic; therefore, they highlight the factors that prove to be easier for the other students to comprehend. It was a pleasure to attend the presentation sessions of my fellow students and learn about the different methods with which they approached the topic. My ‘Aha moment’ in this course was the freedom to choose any topic (within the context of technology) to write the responses and develop presentations. Research and exploration are the most effective modes to make the students understand the content and to enable them to think in a broader perspective. The

Critical Thinking Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking Analysis - Assignment Example They have used nutritious attractive palatable words to our ears that if not verified using high definition quality glasses then the society may consequently end up with skewed information. These vindications should be filtered in the screens of truth with voices of reasons to come up with authentic information rather than assertions without evidences (Bowers & Ramalho, 2010). It is prudent to understand that as much as the graduate programs should be aligned to skills that develop human person holistically, authentic leadership is a vital ingredient to any form of leadership. It spices leadership to unimaginable heights. To inculcate authentic leadership, one needs to examine his or her internal compass (George, Sims & Gergen, 2013).Those intuitions that drive an individual to determine what is wrong and right and despite influence from the external surrounding they stand firm and unshaken in terms their values. True self evaluation pulls individual towards leadership. Furthermore, those who are driven by the desire to propagate the above inclination have always believed that their generation was much better than the succeeding generations. For this reason, they don’t factor in the changes and dynamics of evolution that have taken place from there generations. The climates of trends that are emerging every minute in our society today are clear man ifestation that changes are eminent. Understandable the most startling thing in life is change. They have failed to acknowledge change as time flies at incredible speed (Houser & Oman, 2011). Signature pedagogy is described in the articles as one of the daunting challenges to professional education where if inculcated then one can think with them. As much this is real, it should be noted that this signature deludes professionals who are not welcome to diversity and dynamics of societal issues. They are normally unable to

Why I feel Grateful to Duncan Abdelnour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Why I feel Grateful to Duncan Abdelnour - Essay Example For the sake of brevity, I would like to call this a personal epiphany of sorts. I had this experience about two months ago and it involved a news report that talked about the coolest tech startups in the US. Certainly, I know about Silicon Valley or Facebook or how Instagram fetched a whooping $1-billion price tag when it was acquired. The tech world for me is "that far" - something that is within the realm of the probable but not exactly a game changing sphere where I see myself being part of or being successful participating in. Its realness is further diminished by the difference in the field I have chosen for myself, my interests and my skill-sets. What caught my attention was the portmanteau that is seemingly the preferred choice in naming most tech startups nowadays. It was Beatmerch. It was so interesting for me because the name tagged to it is someone I know or, at least, someone I am familiar with: Duncan Abdelnour. This person would probably not remember me from Adam. But he was indelibly etched on my mind. The perfectly coiffed and neat hair and that bushy eyebrows in the news photograph are unmistakably the same as sported by the person who sat before me at a conference I half-heartedly attended for an academic assignment last June. I knew him because we were handed these name tags and that was the only other memory Ive had of that event because he unknowingly dropped it in my latte. He did not apologize because he apparently did not know of it. I was annoyed nonetheless. Here is the thing: Reading about Duncan Abdelnour and Beatmerch sort of woke me up and inspired me at the same time. He is still currently in college, majoring in Marketing and Entrepreneurship in the University of Tampa but he already has this cool startup business, which made $126,000 in less than a year.

The History of the Siege of Lisbon by Jose Saramago Annotated Bibliography

The History of the Siege of Lisbon by Jose Saramago - Annotated Bibliography Example The author questions the reason why the proofreader alters the story and includes the word not which changes the whole story. Barosso’s article is about the interview of Saramago about his novel the history of the Siege of Lisbon. The interviewee conducted the interview some days before Saramago was officially crowned the Nobel Prize for Literature. The interviewee focuses on the biography of Saramago and gives us deep insight in what actually happens in life. Borosso also goes ahead and finds out the reason behind the passion behind the literature for the Portugal man. When Saramago was asked about what he would do when he wins the coveted prize, he replied, â€Å"I will not take on the duties of the Nobel as would the winner of the beauty contests, who has to be shown everywhere†¦ I don’t aspire that kind of throne, nor could I, of Course†. The interview reveals how Saramago is a down to earth person but most astonishingly he says he does not miss Lisbon especially after he sought refuge in another country due to controversies surrounding his writings. Saramago confesses that he is a person who doesn’t complicate his life. This is a primary source of reference which is very useful in building up a thesis. It is an interview of the author of the novel. The interview also contains some of his real life experiences which can play a major role in building up the thesis of my research. In addition to this the excerpts from the interviews can also be in strengthening my research objectives and questions. When Evans visited Palestine he decided to pose and talk to Saramago concerning what is happening in Palestine. He interviews Saramago concerning what was actually happening in Palestine in reference to his novel the History of the siege of Lisbon. The interviewee is keen to extract information about what he thinks is happening in Palestine is relevant to what he wrote some times back.

Treaty of Versailles Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Versailles Essay The Members of the League recognize that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations.The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years. After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council. The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advice how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary to their safety. The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval, and air programmes and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to war-like purposes. The Members of the League recognize that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the geographical â€Å"situations† and circumstances of each state, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every â€Å"five years.† After theses plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council. The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objection. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their safety. The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval, and air programmes and the condition of such of their industries are adaptable to war-like purposes. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval, and air questions generally. A permanent Commission shall be constituted as having as members representing all nations to advice the Council on the Execution of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval, and air questions generally. Sources: http://net.lib.byu.edu/-rdh/wwwi/versa1.html â€Å"Treaty of Verailles† Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD). Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Human Cloning and the Future Essay Example for Free

Human Cloning and the Future Essay In his work from 2002 â€Å"Religion and Human Cloning: An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data†, John Evans proudly states a few possible benefits, or advantages, of human ‘therapeutic’ cloning. While talking about embryonic stem cells, he states â€Å"these cells can eventually be used to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and kidney failure, to name but a few†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (748). These possibilities have mostly been confirmed since the publishing of Evans’ piece and other more incredible possibilities have come about. The benefits of both reproductive and therapeutic cloning are endless, yet many still disagree. They say that cloning is dangerous and that it would end human evolution and bring disaster to society as we know it (Mautner, 68). Do most people really think this is true? Or is modern society simply scared of the unknown and not ready for change? Many scientists and authors constantly debate the ethics and possibilities of human cloning, both for reproductive use and therapeutic use. A couple of possible risks would accompany the beginning of human cloning, however the benefits are legitimate, and we as a species should reconsider. It is common knowledge that mother and father love one another. And it’s the classic ideal for a family to begin, in the act of spousal love through sexual reproduction. Alix Magney, in his work â€Å"Cloning Me, Cloning You: Reflections on the Ethics of Cloning for Individuals, Families and Society†, argues that since human cloning would cause childbearing to lose its proper origins as an act of spousal love, it â€Å"†¦plainly poses a threat to the dignity and equality of women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (25). I don’t think this is true at all, as adopting a child has been practiced for thousands of years and in vitro fertilization was invented in 1978. In vitro fertilization is where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female body and then inserted into the uterus for maturation only once the egg is fertilized. Sperm donors have been used for decades, completely negating any ‘spousal love’ from the equation that is reproduction. While people continue to fight over equality for women, which has been true since the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1920, other people continue to debate greater concerns about cloning. I have always heard it said ‘You’re special’, or ‘Just be yourself’, and these are sayings of encouragement to develop your own identity, not to follow others when unnecessary, and to accept that everyone is different. Giovanni Berlucchi, in his work â€Å"The Myth of the Clonable Human Brain†, states that â€Å"†¦most human values are corollaries of the concept that each person is unique and identical to himself or herself through space and time. (160) and â€Å"†¦that this kind of genetic manipulation may interfere with psychological and biological diversity, and therefore with the distinctiveness and autonomy of the individual† (160). I do think that the overuse of a single genetic identity for reproductive cloning would cause a disruption in the common value of individuality, but only in that physical aspect of things. Th e benefits of reproductive cloning and the possibilities of advancing the individual through therapeutic cloning could greatly outweigh any disruptions. Berlucchi continues, â€Å"Nature has, of course, been producing genetically identical humans from time immemorial†¦ in trifling pairs of monozygotic twins, and even less frequently in batches of monozygotic triplets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (160). Prenatal uterine environment differences, along with other environmental differences post-conception, can significantly affect the psychological outcome of the child and is a main reason for psychological differences between monozygotic twins. The concept of environmental determinism dispels the myth that cloning humans would eliminate the core value of individuality. The controversy over abortion is one of the biggest issues for politicians and the rest of society alike. The debate over whether or not an embryo is to be considered a human being with rights is a ‘hot topic’ among the public and continues to be an important argument for almost everyone. In his aforementioned piece â€Å"Religion and Human Cloning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , John Evans says that the Roman Catholic Church has the most clear-cut position against cloning, simply based on the status they give to a human embryo. They believe embryos are equivalent to fully grown humans: â€Å"Embryos are to be treated the same as born persons and therefore cannot be used as means toward an end. Most obviously, they cannot be destroyed to benefit others† (748). The church also opposes cloning because it â€Å"†¦severs human reproduction from sexuality† (748). If a couple is attempting to have a kid with each other, by any means, they are more than likely sexually active with one another, and therefore cloning doesn’t remove the sexuality from the overall situation, even if it is not directly involved with the contraception. Also, new technology has been developed since the writing of this article, and it is now possible to extract stem cells from embryos without destroying the embryo. You can take a single stem cell, or blastomere, and coax it to become an endlessly proliferating stem cell. Although these cells cant form embryos, they can form major types of human tissue just as any embryonic stem cells do. So, therapeutic cloning is possible without the destruction of embryos. Other people fear the end of what Charles Darwin so valiantly discovered and explained to us all over 150 years ago – human evolution. Michael Mautner, in his piece â€Å"Will Cloning End Human Evolution? †, argues that a result of human cloning would be the end of human evolution. He states â€Å"Cloning will, in contrast, reproduce the same genetic makeup of an existing individual. There is no room for new traits to arise†¦ The result: Human evolution is halted† (68). Only an insane situation where cloning was the only method for reproduction and the same genetic makeup was used over and over again would lead to the end of human evolution. This is an extreme situation and would almost definitely never happen. New science behind non-embryonic stem cell research has shown incredible potential for stem cells in general, as embryonic stem cells show significantly more potential than stem cells extracted from other parts of the human body, like the yellow bone marrow. Stem cells are beginning to be used to regrow hair, teeth and cartilage in damaged joints. Since the procedures and research are incredibly expensive, treatment is limited to those wealthy enough. Professional North-American athletes have led the way, being human guinea pigs for the non-invasive procedures in hopes of returning their bodies to their prime, pre-injury, form. Stem cell treatments are growing in popularity and legitimacy, and the use of embryonic stem cells shouldn’t be limited as it can only advance our species. Scientific tests and studies have proven limitless benefits to stem cell transplants, yet ethical concerns and moral-based laws are constraining what could be groundbreaking and life-saving science. There is possible potential for embryonic stem cells to be grown into whole, functional, organs or entire limbs of the human body. The uses could range from a ounded amputee war veteran in need of a new leg, or an elderly woman in need of a new kidney as hers is failing, and the possibilities are endless. Human fear of the unknown is instinctual, but as the realm of the previously impossible comes more into the lights of reality, we need to change our minds on the practicality and usefulness of cloning and embryonic stem cells. For our ailing parents, for our children, and our children’s children, we need to advance as a society, and take hold of the opportunities and benefits sitting right in front of us.

Impact of technology and science on International relations

Impact of technology and science on International relations Impact of technology and science on International relations Introduction: Science, technology and international affairs influence one another. The impacts of science and technology on international affairs, particularly those of communication and information technologies, are especially penetrating. The interactive effects of science, technology and international affairs are so crucial and extensive that the area needs to be identified as an autonomous sub-control. Its current position as a comparatively abstruse theory, to be charged to experts and kept more or less obscured from the principal body of international relations, is a threatening solecism. These impacts may be categorized as handling through one of four main mechanisms: (1) Altering the building of the international system: its structure, its main constructing theories, and the relations among its factors. (2) Altering the operations by which the international system employs, incorporating administration, diplomacy, war, commerce, finance, trade, policy formation, communications, and the assembling of intelligence; (3) Developing new issue regions, trade-offs and new constraints in the constructing environment of foreign policy, an expression which incorporates not only political constraints on international operations, but also constraints imposed by the laws of natural and social science; and (4) Contributing a source of adjusted realizations, of data and clarity for the operation of the international system architecture, and of new theories and schemes for international relations theory. Aim: The major intention of this project proposal is to carry out the factors that influenced on international relations based on technology and science. And how have significant elements in international affairs evolved as they interact with technological change. Objectives: To understand the project needs, it required collecting the background information through literature survey on international relations and it associated issues. To collect the back ground knowledge on technology and science, required to consider case studies. To make research, need to prepare a frame work with proper research methodology and approach. To critically evaluate the survey results and observations in literature study through discussion and analysis. Research questions: What are the critical factors that need to consider for project international relations when technology and science is the primary concern? What is the significant role of technology and science towards international relations get strengthen? Literature review: Taylor (2004), faces that technological creativity has a great impact on international affairs or relations. Yet, he specifies, international relations intellectuals in common have contributed small amount to the effect of science and technology. International Relations in different nations: According to Eugene B. Skolnikoff, the startling changes in world affairs that began in late 1980’s signaled the end of many of the central elements of postwar international relationships. Momentous and unexpected events in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union occurred at a breathtaking pace, with a spontaneity that tended to obscure the underlying currents that had unleashed them. Many forces were at work in those societies over decades, culminating in dramatic upheaval in essentially all countries of the former eastern bloc. The influence of technological change in the disintegration of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union is but one manifestation of a much longer story in which the results of science and technology have contributed to a profound evolution of the details and substance of national and international affairs. The effects are visible not only in the outcome of the communist experiment but in the countless alterations in the relationships within and among nations and peoples. And that influence is likely to continue to be significant long into the future as the nations of the world remain strongly committed of supporting research. The evidence for the role of science and technology in the evolution of international affairs is pervasive, and most easily seen through dramatic developments that have led global consequences such as the deployment of massive strategic nuclear forces, the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, foreign currency transactions on computerized financial markets in excess of $500 billion per day, or the total eradication of the scourge of smallpox. Relationship between Science technology and international relations: The relationship between international relations and science and technology is not only a result of result of recent advances in science and technology, though the breadth of interaction and the rapidity of change are relatively modern characteristics. The historical examples are countless, ranging from weapons developments that altered the fate of nations and social structures, to industrial technologies that were the basis of revolutions in economy and wealth, to new capabilities in science and technology themselves that led to astonishing discoveries and applications. It was not only the physical developments of technology that had an impact; underlying concepts of science and of the natural world were crucial as well. The intellectual currents of the enlightenment, so much a product of the new ideas of experiment and rationality that accompanied the scientific revolution, served to stimulate massive forces for change in the west. Today, given the scale and organization of the scientific and technological enterprises, science and technology have become arguably the most powerful and persistent factors lending to societal change and, necessarily, to change in international relations. The accelerated commitment of resources and development (r/d) during and after World War II has transformed the relatively haphazard climate of invention and scientific research of earlier centuries. There is now in place a formidable and growing capacity, a system for targeting human integrity toward the rapid expansion of knowledge and the production of new technologies designed to serve perceived or speculative needs. Not only do the products of this system have significant international effects, but it’s very operation leads to international consequences and favors the creation of global markets for its products and for surprising portion of the system, international goals provide the underlying motivation for the commit ment of r/d resources by governments and even by industry. Technical aspects of international relations: The subjects with international consequences that have been massively affected by technological change in recent years are familiar; weapons, communications. The economy, transportation, agriculture, health, space, and others; few, if any, aspects of international affairs have been untouched by science and technology. The effects of the application of technology are so widespread, in fact, and often of such obvious importance in the conduct and evolution of relations among nations, that it is routine for commentators to lapse into florid rhetoric in describing the resulting dramatic change in the international political system. Secretary of George P. Shultz said in December 1987, â€Å"Developments in science and social organization are altering the world profoundly- too profoundly for conventional habits of thinking to grasp. History suggests that mankind rarely understands revolutionary change at the time it is coming about.† W. Michael Blumenthal, Secretary of the Treasury under President Carter said in his 1987 Elihu Root lectures at the council on Foreign Relations in New York, â€Å"I believe there is one circumstance which overshadows all else and has set the current period apart: unprecedented, deep and continual technological change†¦extraordinarily rapid technological change has thrust upon us yet unresolved problems of governance in the national and international spheres. For all that the relationship appears to be self-evident; the extent even of the surface changes in international politics stemming from science and technology proves to be quite difficult to characterize with precision or to assess satisfactorily. It is not hard to draw up lists enumerating international political issues that are affected by technological change, but it is very much more demanding to understand the complexity of the interactions and their more profound consequences for international relations. That understanding is necessary not only to capture the relationship for analytical purposes, but also to assess the true extent of the evolution in international relations and to be able to anticipate, and possibly influence, the future directions and implications of change. It is that understanding of the complexity of the interaction and of the consequences for international affairs that we hope to achieve in this inquiry. Theories of international relations: Curiously, though there have been innumerable policy studies dealing with the effects of technological change in specific policy areas and a small number of works that attempt to look across the board at important policy areas, the subject is largely unexplored from the deeper perspective of the overall effects of science and technology on the evolution of international affairs. It is curious because of the evident centrality of the relationship, whether or not there is agreement on its ultimate significance. Even scholars concerned with theoretical issues in international relations tend to create science and technology as static givens or as emanating from impenetrable black boxes. One of the purposes of this study will be not only to fill this lacuna in the subject as a whole, but along the way to provide a basis for considering science and technology more appropriately in policy or theoretical analyses as the interactive, dynamic variables they are in reality. There is much obviously much in the theoretical literature on international relations that is pertinent and that would illuminate the issues we will be discussing. It would be possible, in fact, to structure along the lines of the debates among theorists. For example, according to differing views of the role of the state or of state or international organizations, both of which have been, and will continue to be, much affected by scientific and technological change. The idea of sovereignty, appearing often in both theoretical and policy terms, does require brief discussion, however, for it is a central element in the nation-state system and is repeatedly cited as having been eroded or at least greatly altered in meaning by technological change. It might easily be assumed that it would figure as an organizing theme in a study concerned with the impact of science and technology on evolution of international relations. The concept is generally thought by theorists, statesmen, and the public at large as fundamental attribute of nations, what Stephen Krasner calls â€Å"the constructive principle of the existing international system†. Methodology: As this project is mainly towards the qualitative research work and which extracts the information analysis from ground level. In this project data analysis point of view, primary data collection is considered where it is with the metric point and literature survey is considered towards the qualitative research part. Qualitative is chosen for project scope area where it deals with the amount of data collection which is not come true with quantitative. Corbin, A. S. a. J. (1998) Researcher want to collect the data from recent articles as well as recent publishers reviews and for primary data collection, he want to choose from different level of people in IT organization like project manager, employee and top level management. So it will be very helpful to analyze the particular point in multidimensional view. It will be more helpful for this research analysis. I had some reference in Indian IT companies, with that I want to go for primary data collection by taking the interviews (Yin, R. (1989)). Data collection is considered as primary and secondary resources. In secondary point, data is being collected in indirect manner where resource will be like books, articles, journals and internet resources (Easterby-smith, R. T. a. A. L. (2002). Primary data collection is the process of finding the data collection from real domain experts by taking the interviews and questionnaire. Then make a comparison study between primary data collection and secondary then make analysis according to the researcher choice with proper evolution. As this project deals the research area of qualitative where there is a lot of scope in mine the knowledge about project task. Interviews are conducted in semi structured pattern where the interview is frame with defined set of questions which is towards the objectives. The most common approach to studying the interaction of science and technology with international relations views the relationship in the context of specific policy areas, typically in relation to pressing policy concerns. A limited number of studies have taken a somewhat broader canvas using a variety of specific policy implications of science and technology as a way of illustrating the growth and change in the matter of international politics and the new relationships and institutions that have been created. These studies have been useful with respect to specific policy implications of developments in science and technology, but they are less satisfactory for our goal of understanding the broader and more fundamental interactions of science and technology with the international political system, and how that system is affected by the continued advance of science and technology. Our primary purpose is not to produce a definitive or quantitative measure of system change; the task would be difficult and the result ultimately arbitrary. Rather, we will explore the nature of the interactions between technological and social factors that lead to evolutionary change, identify the direction and patterns of that change, and record its characteristics. Our focus, accordingly, will be on the patterns of evolution of important elements of international relations as a result of the impact with science and technology. We will consider change in system characteristics or concepts to constitute a definitive transformation only when it is ambiguous. Analysis: The complete project is mainly concerned about the international relations with respect to the technology and science. Now a days, completely world relayed on globalization issues where technology plays vital role in all the fields of development as well as service oriented industries. According to the aim of this project proposal, it must be focused on technology relevant domains as well as current positions with respect to the fields of operations. Even here it required to consider the change management factors according to the change occurred in one sector. So change management plays crucial role in international relations when technology and science came in the primary concern. Researcher point of view, this domain brings very helpful information and prediction policies towards the international relations. For this kind of research, primary data collection is essential where the interpretation is mandatory with respect secondary data which gathered through literature survey. For primary data collection point of view, it considered personal interviews to the professionals in technology end who are worked for research and development sectors. For that researcher is considered information technology field which always keep on upgrading with their technologies and shows much impact on international relations and associated tools. According to the researcher, this research is much towards the real world, so it should be useful for improvement of international relations. Schedule plan and timetable: According to the researcher, this project takes around 90 days of time where the initial stage is completely depends on the requirement analysis of project. Then it will consider the significant study of literature associated with project domains. Then it is required to choose proper research methodology and primary data collection from real domain like surveys and personal interviews. Finally researcher will come to produce the key findings of results with proper frame work also conclusion where all the research work is done under supervision of my project coordinator. References: Cultural Impact on International Relations 2002 (Chinese Philosophical Studies). Edition. Council for Research in Values. Committee on Japan, 1997. Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan (Compass Series). Edition. National Academies Press. John R. De La Mothe, 2002. Science, Technology and Global Governance (Science, Technology, and the International Political Economy Series). 0 Edition. Routledge. 2001. International Relations and Global Climate Change (Global Environmental Accord: Strategies for Sustainability and Institutional Innovation). 1st Edition. The MIT Press. Beverly Crawford, 1993. Economic Vulnerability in International Relations: East- West Trade, Investment, and Finance. Edition. Columbia University Press. MIT Political Science: Graduate Studies Fields of Study. 2014. MIT Political Science: Graduate Studies Fields of Study. [ONLINE] Available at: http://web.mit.edu/polisci/graduate/core.html. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. 2014. JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20026535?uid=3738256uid=2480264703uid=2uid=3uid=60sid=21103798658603. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. What is the Impact of Science and Technology (NUCLEAR WEAPONS) Upon International Relations?. 2014. What is the Impact of Science and Technology (NUCLEAR WEAPONS) Upon International Relations?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.preservearticles.com/201106208251/what-is-the-impact-of-science-and-technology-nuclear-weapons-upon-international-relations.html. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. GT Catalog : International Affairs : MS International Affairs. 2014. GT Catalog : International Affairs : MS International Affairs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.catalog.gatech.edu/colleges/cola/inta/grad/phdintast.php. [Accessed 19 March 2014]. 20th-century international relations (politics) :: Science and technology in wartime Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. 20th-century international relations (politics) :: Science and technology in wartime Encyclopedia Britannica. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291225/20th-century-international-relations/32912/Science-and-technology-in-wartime. [Accessed 19 March 2014].

Communications Decency Act: Regulation In Cyberspace :: essays research papers

Communications Decency Act: Regulation In Cyberspace Being one of millions of surfers throughout the Internet, I see that fundamental civil liberties are as important in cyberspace as they are in traditional contexts. Cyberspace defined in Webster's Tenth Edition dictionary is the on-line worlds of networks. The right to speak and publish using a virtual pen has its roots in a long tradition dating back to the very founding of democracy in this country. With the passage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, Congress has prepared to turn the Internet from one of the greatest resources of cultural, social, and scientific information into the online equivalent of a children's reading room. By invoking the overboard and vague term â€Å"indecent† as the standard by which electronic communication should be censored, Congress has insured that information providers seeking to avoid criminal prosecution will close the gates on anything but the most tame information and discussions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Communications Decency Act calls for two years of jail time for anyone caught using â€Å"indecent† language over the net; as if reading profanities online affects us more dramatically than reading them on paper. Our First Amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press....† The Act takes away this right. The Constitution- defying traitors creating these useless laws do not they understand the medium they're trying to control. What they â€Å"claim† is that they are trying to protect our children from moral threatening content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This â€Å"protect our helpless children† ideology is bogus. If more government officials were more knowledgeable about online information they would realize the huge flaw the Communication Decency Act contains. We don't need the government to patrol fruitlessly on the Internet when parents can simply install software like Net Nanny or Surf Watch. These programs block all â€Å"sensitive† material from entering one's modem line. What's more, legislators have already passed effective laws against obscenity and child pornography. We don't need a redundant Act to accomplish what has already been written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 17 million Web pages float throughout cyberspace. Never before has information been so instant, and so global. And never before has our government been so spooked by the potential power â€Å"little people† have at their fingertips.

Comparing the Wifes Role in A Dolls House and Death of a Salesman Ess

The Wife's Role in A Doll's House and Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "A Doll's House" (1879) and "Death of a Salesman" (1949) are plays written by Henric Ibsen and Henry Miller respectively. And, although they were published in different centuries, and "A Doll's House" was written seventy years before than "Death of a Salesman" Nora's portrayal of the wife's role is much more modern, liberal and less chauvinist than Linda's. Nora and Linda's main differences are reflected in their way of acting towards their husbands, their children and them selves; how they each see life.    To her husband, Linda is the perfect wife, she loves him despite knowing he is only "a small man." She is always worried about Willy's health, and tries to protect him. She knows that many times Willy is wrong, but she is unable to face him just in case she hurts his feelings. She supports all his mad ideas knowing this will probably take him to his death. She is loyal and loving, and is always on the background defending him from their sons Biff and Happy. She expresses all this feelings in Act 1, when she says, "I don't say he's a great man. Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He's not the finest character that ever lived. But he's a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. He's not to be allowed to fall into his grave like an old dog." On the other hand Nora doesn't love her husband, but she doesn't become conscious of this until the end of the play when she discovers she has been living a lie all her life. As Linda, she is worried about her husband's health, but instead of just watching she confronts him, acting behind his back, knowing that she ma... ...who keeps it attached together but she is nothing without her husband. Nora is not of the family; she is more modern and independent, moreover her family is totally broken apart.    In conclusion, we can see that nor Linda, nor Nora are happy with their situation. Linda is incapable of expressing herself and confronting her husband therefore her husband ends up dead. And Nora has never had real love and has always been living a lie, but she realises this too late, and now she has to reinvent herself.    Works Consulted    Corrigan, R.W. (ed.)   Arthur Miller:   A Collection Of Critical Essays.   Prentice-Hall, NJ:   1969. Ibsen, Henrik. Four Major Plays: A Doll House, the Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler, the Master Builder. New York: New American Library, 1992. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Gerald Weales, ed. New York: Penguin, 1996

Process of Photosynthesis Essay -- essays research papers

Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms that contain the pigment chlorophyll convert light energy into chemical energy which can be stored in the molecular bonds of organic molecules. Photosynthesis powers almost all trophic chains and food webs on the Earth. The net process of photosynthesis is described by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 This equation simply means that carbon dioxide from the air and water combine in the presence of sunlight to form sugars, oxygen is released as a by-product of this reaction. Photosynthesis begins when light strikes Photosystem I pigments and excites their electrons. The energy passes rapidly from molecule to molecule until it reaches a special chlorophyll molecule called P700, so named because it absorbs light in the red region of the spectrum at wavelengths of 700 nanometers. Until this point, only energy has moved from molecule to molecule, now electrons themselves transfer between molecules. P700 uses the energy of the excited electrons to boost its own electrons to an energy level that enables an adjoining electron acceptor molecule to capture them. The electrons are then passed down a chain of carrier molecules, called an electron transport chain. The electrons are passed from one carrier molecule to another in a downhill direction, like individuals in a bucket brigade passing water from the top of a hill to the bottom. Each electron carrier is at a lower energy level than the one before it, and the result is that electrons release energy as they move down the chain. At the end of the electron transport chain lies the molecule nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADP+). Using the energy released by the flow of electrons, two electr... ...he molecular bonds that are broken. Glucose: C6H12O6 Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis, and is described by the equation: C6H12O6+6O2 ----------> 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP Simply stated, this equation means that oxygen combines with sugars to break molecular bonds, releasing the energy (in the form of ATP) contained in those bonds. In addition to the energy released, the products of the reaction are carbon dioxide and water. In eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration begins with the products of glycolysis being transported into the mitochondria. A series of metabolic pathways (the Krebs cycle and others) in the mitochondria result in the further breaking of chemical bonds and the liberation of ATP. CO2 and H2O are end products of these reactions. The theoretical maximum yield of cellular respiration is 36 ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized.

Trespass

TRESPASS TO THE PERSON Aims of Lectures: * OVERVIEW OF THE TORTS COVERING TRESPASS TO THE PERSON * DEFENCES TO TRESPASS TO THE PERSON * ALTHOUGH NOT A PART OF TRESPASS TO THE PERSON WE WILL ALSO ASSESS THE RULE IN WILKINSON V DOWNTON 1. OVERVIEW The aim/s of these torts: Protection from personal interference / protects your bodily integrity and your liberty. The trespass torts are actionable per se (there is no need to prove damage). A trespass to the person may well also be a CRIME and criminal law cases can be helpful but please note that a CIVIL action is designed to achieve a different objective i. . to vindicate your right / claim damages or to prove a point (Halford v Brookes [1991] 1 WLR 428). For a recent case against the police see: ZH v Commissioner of Police [2012] EWHC 604 involving a 16 year old autistic teenager at a swimming pool: http://www. judiciary. gov. uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Judgments/zh-v-commissioner-of-police. pdf There are three forms of trespass to the p erson: A. ASSAULT B. BATTERY C. FALSE IMPRISONMENT PLEASE NOTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRESPASS AND NEGLIGENCE: Trespass is DIRECT and INTENTIONAL. Negligence is INDIRECT and UNINTENTIONAL. Letang v Cooper [1965] 1 QB 232Wilson v Pringle [1986] 2 ALL ER 440 A. ASSAULT â€Å"An assault is an act which causes another person to apprehend the infliction of immediate, unlawful, force on his person. † Robert Goff LJ in Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172, at 1177 PLEASE NOTE: DIRECTNESS IS ALSO IMPORTANT In everyday language people use the term assault to also describe battery (see below). We will observe the strict legal distinction. Case Law Examples: Hopper v Reeve (1817) 7 Taunt 69 Purcell v Horn (1838) 8 A and E 602 Osborne v Veitch (1858) 1 F and F 317 Tuberville v Savage (1669) 1 Mod 3 Stephens v Myers (1830) 4 C and P 349Thomas v NUM [1985] 2 All ER 1 Darwish v EgyptAir [2006] EWHC 1399 (QB) DPP v Smith [2006] EWHC 94 (Admin) CAN WORDS OR EVEN SILENCE CONSTITUTE AN ASSAULT? R v Meade (1823) 1 Lew CC 184 R v Wilson [1955] 1 WLR R v Ireland [1997] 3 WLR 534 B. BATTERY â€Å"A battery is the actual infliction of unlawful force on another person. † Robert Goff LJ in Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172, at 1177 PLEASE NOTE (AGAIN): DIRECTNESS IS IMPORTANT IN BATTERY Case Law Examples: Nash v Sheen [1953] CLY 3726 Dodwell v Burford (1670) 1 Mod 24 Haystead v DPP The Times, 2 June 2000, [2000]3 All ER 890DPP v Smith [2006] EWHC 94 (Admin) What constitutes a battery and must the force used be HOSTILE? Cole v Turner (1704) 6 Mod 149 Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172 Wilson v Pringle [1987] QB 237 F v West Berkshire HA [1989] 2 All ER 545 Wainwright and other v Home Office [2003] UKHL 53 C. FALSE IMPRISONMENT â€Å"Another form of trespass to the person is false imprisonment, which is the unlawful imposition of constraint upon another's freedom of movement from a particular place. † Robert Goff LJ in Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172, at 1177 T his tort relates to our freedom to move around unhindered.For an alternative definition see Street on Torts (below): â€Å"The trespass rather inadequately known as false imprisonment may be defined as an act of the defendant which directly and intentionally or negligently causes the confinement of the plaintiff within an area delimited by the defendant. † Please note the Human Rights Interface re’ Article 5 of the ECHR (incorporated into UK law by virtue of the Human Rights Act 1998): Austin v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2009] 1 AC 564 Case law and principles on False Imprisonment – Liability is strict and the false imprisonment can result from a mistake (i. . be negligent): R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans (No. 2) [2001] 2 AC 19, HL – The restraint MUST be TOTAL i. e. COMPLETE Bird v Jones (1845) 7 Q. B. 742. – It is unnecessary to show the claimant knew of the imprisonment. It is a question of fact as to whether there is total restraint imposed: Meering v Grahame-White Aviation Co. Ltd (1920) 122 LT 44 Herring v Boyle (1834) 1 Cr M and R 377. Murray v Ministry of Defence [1988] 2 All ER 251. R v Bournewood [1998] 3 All ER 289 See further Williams (1991) 54 MLR 408,411 2. DEFENCES (a) ConsentSidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors [1985] 1 All ER 643 Chester v Afshar [2002] 3 All ER 552 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA [1986] AC 112 R (on the application of Sue Axon (Claimant) v Secretary of State for Health (Defendant) [2006] EWHC 372 (Admin). Re R [1991] 4 All ER 177 Re W [1992] 4 All ER 627 Re B [1981] 1 WLR 1421 Re M (Child Refusal of Treatment) [1999] 2 FCR 577 (b) Necessity F v West Berkshire HA [1989] 2 All ER 545 Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) [2001] Fam. 147. (c) Self defence Revill v Newbury [1996] 1 All ER 291 Cross v Kirby (2000) The Times, 5th April, CA 1) James Ashley (Junior) (2) James Ashley (Senior) v Chief Constable of Sussex [2006] EWCA Civ 1085, [2008] UKHL 25 (d) Contributory negligence Revill v Newbury [1996] 1 All ER 291 (e) Ex turpi causa Revill v Newbury [1996] 1 All ER 291 (g) Statutory authority PACE 1984 as amended 3. The rule in WILKINSON V DOWNTON [1897] 2 QB 57 The principle is quite well established and helps fill a gap where the harm is caused INTENTIONALLY but INDIRECTLY. The Case Facts The defendant told the claimant that her husband had been seriously injured in an accident. This was untrue, but was intended as a ‘joke’. The laimant suffered nervous shock. Wright J. held the defendant liable because he had wilfully done an act calculated to cause physical harm to the claimant, i. e. , to infringe her legal right to personal safety, and had thereby caused physical harm. Since the defendant’s act was obviously intended to produce some effect of the kind that it did cause, an intention to produce the harm was imputed to the defendant, and it was no answer to say more harm was done than anti cipated. The problem with treating this as either an assault or a battery is that the harm is indirect and there is no application, or threat, of force.Janvier v Sweeney [1919] 2 KB 316 Khorasandjian v Bush [1993] 3 WLR 476 Wong v Parkside Health NHS Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 1721 W v Home Office [2001] EWCA Civ 2081 Wainwright and Others v Home Office [2003] UKHL 53 The Wainwright case in the House of Lords is now the leading case on Wilkinson v Downton. The case involved prison strip searching of visitors. Per Lord Hoffmann: â€Å"I am†¦in complete agreement with Buxton LJ at [2002] QB 1334, 1355-1356, paras 67-72, that Wilkinson v Downton has nothing to do with trespass to the person. † 4. REMEDIES FOR TRESPASS TO PERSON Damages Injunction Habeas Corpus (for false imprisonment)

Medieval Pilgrimage

Medieval Pilgrimage In this essay I will discuss how medieval pilgrimages were considered to be a cultural phenomenon. Overall there were many motivations for pilgrims to participate in the act of a pilgrimage. Elaborate excessive artwork led to competitions at pilgrimage sites. Medieval pilgrimages changed Christians along with other religious people, spiritually and emotionally. Pilgrims went on journeys that were over long distances that proved to be physical and mental hardships.Before they left they would receive a blessing after a full confession to a priest or Bishop, mostly if their pilgrimage was to be a journey of penance. Christians believed that these particular pilgrimages would help them in a number of ways. They believed that the journey would deepen his or her faith, would cure the impossible disease or illness, or just bring them closer to God. The beginning pilgrimages started off by traveling to the places where Jesus and the Apostles lived while on earth.Constanti ne was the first Roman emperor that believed in Christianity. With him believing, and respecting what the pilgrimage stood for, Constantine constructed three major sites designed for major pilgrimages; such as, the Basilica in Jerusalem at the place where Christ was crucified, the Holy Sepulcher which was the site of Jesus’ burial and resurrection, and finally in Bethlehem Constantine commissioned another church over the cave said to be Jesus’ birthplace. Sorabella) Even though the three sites said above were the most popular of pilgrimages, â€Å"Rome became another destination for pilgrims because it was easier access for European pilgrims than the Holy land. † (Sorabella) Rome had many relics of saints and martyrs which over a period of time became a reason to set foot on a pilgrimage. Many would flock to see a saint’s hand or the Virgin Mary’s veil. Art played a huge role in this cultural phenomenon. Having many relics all over Europe sparked m any opportunities for artists to create important works of art for the relics themselves. Sculptors and goldsmiths made reliquaries required to enshrine the holy objects. Jewelers produced small containers for sacred material for the faithful to wear. † (Sorabella) This was one of the better times to be an artist. Artists created different souvenirs for pilgrims to celebrate and remember their pilgrimage. Every relic and Holy place had a different souvenir for that location. The souvenirs ranged from simple badges, mirrors, or even miniature elaborate reliquaries.Churches would trade or even steal relics from their original resting place, which for at least one location was cause for immense celebration, and was often depicted in art. â€Å"It was customary for pilgrims to bring offerings to the shines they visited, and many of these, too, were works of art: costly liturgical vessels, elaborate priestly vestments, and other precious objects enriched the treasury of every pilg rimage church. † (Sorabella) In the later Middle Ages pilgrims traveled because churches would promise to consolidate with god about their sins over a whole lifetime to be forgiven.With this in effect, churches made extreme renovations to accommodate larger numbers of pilgrims at one time. A perfect example of this is the church Saint Denis which dramatically had undergone many changes in the early twelfth century. I have not experienced a journey of this magnitude in my lifetime. However, I think it would be a great experience from an emotional point of view. It may not be an exact pilgrimage but in the month of October I will be going on my own journey to Europe. I hope to gain a broader outlook on cultural differences.I am so used to living in the same place, so it will be an exciting new adventure to be thrown into a different world and experience Europe’s normal aspects of life. There are certain places that I am specifically going just to see, such as the Roman Co liseum, Saint Peter’s Basilica, and the Leaning tower of Pisa. I can imagine that these three destinations will bring a number of emotions out in me. I also can imagine that this is probably the same way a pilgrim felt on his or her journey once they finally saw what they had travelled so far for.I also see myself buying trinkets in memory of a particular destination just like a pilgrim buying a miniature relic once seeing Santiago de Compostela where Saint James was discovered. The concept and experiences of a pilgrimage were widely popular all throughout Medieval Europe. It sparked imagination and hope, and set the tone for travel of many different kinds. These basic concepts have not changed much in today’s time. Most travelers do not travel from a spiritual standpoint, however most travelers will travel far and wide for an emotional experience.

Genres of Literature Essay

Genres of literature are important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction: Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of another person’s life. An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative non fiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss. Genres of Fiction: Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action. Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts. Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality. Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres. A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demons trates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales. Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children. Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets. Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots. Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life. Folklore are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of â€Å"folk† that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs. Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting. Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader. A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of nonchalance. Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material. Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown. Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person. Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of thegenres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form. The genre of Fiction can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story. The Oxford English Dictionary is a great place to consult for any further definitions of the different genres of literature explained here.

Abortion: Pros, Cons and Propaganda

Abortion: Pros, Cons and Propaganda Abortion is a very controversial matter in our society. In the United States it is legal to abort a baby up until the day of birth. An abortion is the ending of pregnancy before birth which results in the death of an embryo or a fetus. Many people consider abortion as cruel as murder. Although some might say abortion is justifiable, others believe that no one but God has the right to take someone’s life. However, supporters of abortion do not consider an unborn child a person who must be protected. With an issue like abortion, there is a difficulty in determining if it is right or wrong. There are many sides and arguments to this matter and the media often portrays a very negative side to the choice of abortion. The media tends to be biased and against the issue of abortion. I believe that the media is very influential on our society today. In 1973, there was a U. S Supreme Court Case known as Roe versus Wade. This case legalized abortion in The United States. They ruled that babies are not legal â€Å"persons† and from that point on, babies have had no rights or protection under The Constitution of The United States of America. By extension, a woman has a right to make decisions that involve her body and the government should not try to enforce any type of regulation on a woman’s reproductive system. The government should not impose on the wishes of what a woman wants just as the media should not impose or show bias towards the issue. The abortion issue seems to be a very clear and consistent bias. Billboards, magazine ads, and television commercials have all portrayed images of innocent babies staring, with boldfaced words around them saying things like â€Å"With your tax dollars used for abortion †¦ how many more children will be lost? Another bias ad propaganda is a cartoon image with a woman in her third trimester saying â€Å"How dare you challenge my right to kill this thing? No one can stop me from doing whatever I want with my body! † Under this illustration are the words â€Å"Liberal compassion at 36 weeks. † These uses of ad hominems are clearly showing the negative wa y people view the controversial topic of abortion. Even go as far as to â€Å"stereotype† those for abortion as â€Å"Liberalist†, showing a fallacy based on something completely irrelevant. Popular teen television programs such as MTV have shown videos featuring a rapper/singer as a spirit of what appears as a baby-to-be following a woman into an abortion clinic and begging her to let him live. There is an abundance of imagery in the video to make an abortion look as violent and terrifying as possible. So teens seeing this are definitely going to assume the worst about abortions and also think that going through with a pregnancy is the only justifiable thing to do because the video not only makes this seem completely terrifying, but also because the baby would have grown up to be something great, famous. So of course it is very hard to not think about what the child would-have-been. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy states that there are â€Å"750,000 teen pregnancies annually. Only seven percent of abortions are because of rape, incest, and possible health concerns to the mother or baby. The other ninety-three percent of people who choose abortion do it for social, personal, and economic reasons. Pregnancy happens every day, planned or unplanned. Unplanned and unwanted pregnancies make abortion a sufficient option for what is basically another way out of a less than ideal situation for some people. Although women have a hard time choosing abortion as an option for unwanted pregnancies, they have been making the choice for a long time. The MTV video ad mentioned above also depicts a situation of a man criticizing a woman about her choice until she gives in and makes the choice and chooses what he wants (abortion). This anti-abortion propaganda depicts women to be unable and incapable of following their desires because of a man’s control, belittling women. Women are hardly just people who listen to what is suggested by a man instead of going with their desires and intuitions. The woman, who would be going through the actual â€Å"labor† of continuing a pregnancy, and delivering a baby, bringing it up, parenting it well, in addition to other obligations she has to do in her daily life are all things they have to consider. This alternative should be the woman’s decision, after given thought of course. It should not be a result of the man’s decision for her. The positives that come from the option of abortion are plentiful for women seeking an alternative. Women that do not choose to have sexual encounters, but yet have it forced upon them, rape victims, have a way out of an extremely terrifying situation. Pregnant women with potentially fatal or other health concerns can consider abortion to be their â€Å"lifesaver† of sorts. If there was ever an attempt to ban abortions, the percentage of illegal and dangerous procedures of aborting a pregnancy would go up, therefore causing the cost of the procedure to increase because of accountability. A babies’ life solely depends on its’ mother and a mother needs to be healthy and capable to take on motherhood. It should ultimately be her choice. â€Å"Pro-Choice† supporters, which are supporters of abortion, see a woman's right to choose as central to all of the controversy and believe women's rights are being jeopardized when the right to an abortion is taken away. Of course the people against abortion, people that are for â€Å"Pro-Life†, feel that an unborn baby is more than just potential life: they feel that an unborn baby is meaningful human life. They side with the theory that no person should have the right to decide if another human life is allowed to live or die. Abortion is clearly immoral to them. Pro-Life propaganda refers to Planned Parenthood, a healthcare clinic that offers abortion procedures, as an â€Å"abortion mill† and a â€Å"killing chamber. † The Center for Disease Control has statistics showing approximately 1,313,000 abortions in the United States alone. Abortions can cause severe side effects. Many complications can occur and these include vomiting, infections, severe bleeding, nausea, hemorrhages, and ironically death. These are very serious risks that show the obvious distaste of this controversial issue. The banning of abortion would save the lives of thousands of unborn babies each year and would cut out the chances of women who are undergoing this risky procedure from the possibilities of such severe side effects. The media uses propaganda and other fallacies to cloud ones’ judgment(s) and make people believe things that might not necessarily be true. Propaganda makes things that seem one way look completely different or make things sound more drastic than they really are. Rhetorical appeals, slanting words and propaganda affect everyone in the world today. These logical fallacies are often times absurd. For example, a billboard shows a baby and next to it in huge bolded letters, are the words â€Å"Endangered Species. † These techniques are often drastic and dramatic, however, the majority of the time, they definitely get their point across. Whether someone thinks abortion is right or wrong, it will always be around. Legal or illegal it will continue to happen. The media will continue to downgrade abortions and the people that believe in them. It is obvious that there are few people in this world that are for this issue but it is not right to place judgement on someone ithout knowing their situation, and even then, who is anyone to judge what someone else believes is in their best interest? I would say absolutely no one has that right. While the issue of abortion is so controversial, it makes it nearly impossible to talk about and possibly see the â€Å"positives† that come from it, rather than just questioning it. People will have their opinions, primarily on the basi s of their morals or ethnically, that is how they will look at this issue. The majority will have an unwillingness to change their view(s). On the hopeful side, it is possible that because society and the media portray abortion so negatively, adoption rates will increase and fewer lives are left unharmed to the decision of abortion. Works Cited â€Å"Abortion in the United States: Statistics and Trends. † www. nrlc. org. 4 October 2010. Blackmun, Harry. â€Å"Roe. vs. Wade. † www. oyex. org. 2 October 2010. Cornswald, Alexander. â€Å"Liberal Compassion at 36 weeks. † 27 March 2009. www. cornswalled. com. 2 October 2010. â€Å"News and Politics. †www. sodahead. com. 4 October 2010. Wetcher, Beth. â€Å"Knowledge Is Empowering. † www. knowledgeisempowering. com. 1 October 2010.