The Cultural Niche Why Social Learning Is Essential For...

Robert Boyd, Peter J. Richerson and Joseph Henrich in their article: The Cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation, suggest that the human inhabitants had been successfully increasing more than any other species on earth, not only because humans are smarter than any other species, but mainly because humans have the particular capacity to learn from other and transmit that knowledge to the next generations. The cultural niche: the ability to observe, to learn from other, and imitate give to humans a very important advantage over other animals. We had been using that knowledge to survive in a harsh environment. Culture is crucial for the adaptation of humans to their environment. (Culture is essential for human adaptation) The Central Inuit survive in the Arctic thanks to what they learned from their ancestors: the language, the new discoveries, and designs they implemented to the everyday activities such as the use of caribou skin to stay warm, the construc tion of snow houses, the use of soap stone lamps, the hunting of seals, the making baskets, predicting storms and travel on ice. Cultural adaptation is a social process. (generations) (Miss Brill)(Cultural adaptation is a population process).(require contacto social) The Central Inuit lived in communities, they interact with each other, learn from older generations, and as a group, they do not rely on individual knowledge but in a collective learning that allows them to improve their artifactsShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Human Development1536 Words   |  7 PagesExperts have spent centuries attempting to obtain the secrets of human development and identify the exact science behind it. Experts have not been able to discover any exact influences of normal human development, nor have they been able to uncover the exact causes of developmental abnormalities (Disabilities). What they have found can seem quite confusing and has caused much debate among those trying to tackle the answer to the question. Is ones developmental trajectory determined by the highnessRead MoreCognitive Resilience in Adulthood9822 Wo rds   |  40 Pageswhat might otherwise be adverse circumstances. The cascade of biological processes associated with senescence and a cultural context that does not take into account this biological imperative each create risk for cognitive decline in later adulthood. We propose that (a) engagement, a sustained investment in mental stimulation, and (b) personal agency, which enables one to construct a niche for successful life span development, constitute the centerpiece of cognitive resilience. Numerous factors at theRead MoreEssay about TECHNOLOGY VENTURE CHALLENGE CONTENT AN6485 Words   |  26 Pagesï » ¿PART 1: VENTURE OPPORTUNITY, CONCEPT AND STRATEGY Question 1: Describe the opportunity that attracts you and why you think it is a new venture opportunity. Opportunity is a condition that can benefit or bring success to an emerging or established to be taken immediately. Opportunities are usually approaching a person in a state of vague and uncertain. Someone who is competent and willing only to be nabbed opportunities that exist in front of him. Slow grab the opportunity to escape to the handsRead MoreCognitive Therapy: Theory of Psychopathology and Theory of Personality4428 Words   |  18 Pagesdisorders, and Beck increasingly turned his attention to applications of cognitive therapy to more complex problems. 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Before people started visiting this beautiful part of the world they solely reliedRead MoreLenovo and Ibm23938 Words   |  96 PagesSuccessful Cross-Cultural and Management Integration: The Experience of Lenovo and IBM By Sharona Peng Achieving  Successful  Cross†Cultural  and  Management   Integration:  The  Experience  of  Lenovo  and  IBM.            Sharona  Peng         A  thesis  submitted  to  Auckland  University  of   Technology  in  partial  fulfilment  of  the  requirements  for   the  degree  of  Master  of  Business  (MBus)      2008      Faculty  of  Business      Primary  Supervisor:  Peter  Enderwick      1 / 78 Achieving Successful Cross-Cultural and ManagementRead MoreMarketing Case Study9790 Words   |  40 Pagesgames were also used as a marketing tool. A-B spent heavily on advertising and promotion; various advertising agencies produced about 100 new ads for A-B each year. Given these facts, what changes, if any, would you expect A-B’s new owners to make? Why? 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Dad Anti Everything Art - 1039 Words

Dada: Anti-everything Art World War I was the beginning and end of many things. Gone were the orderly lines of calvary men and soldiers preparing to charge on command, and in came the age of the machine. Technology advances in weaponry made killing even easier and the trenches of WWI became a blood bath. It is in this time of confusion and violence emerged an artistic and literary movement known as Dada. Dada found it s roots in Zurich, Switzerland at the beginning of 1916. According to Hans Richter, a former Dadaist and writer of Dada Art and Anti-art, the â€Å"peculiarly claustrophobic and tense atmosphere of neutral Switzerland in the middle of the Great War† made it a prime place for this movement to start (12). Here the writer†¦show more content†¦Hugo Ball defined Dada as â€Å" foolery, foolery extracted from the emptiness in which all the higher problems are wrapped, a gladiator s gesture, a game played with the shabby remnants . . . a public execution of false morality† (Richter 32). Dada was about freedom. Freedom from social, political, and artistic constraints. Dada moved from Switzerland when Tzara began a periodical and used his connections with other modern poets to help spread the movement (Richter 33). Ball believed that dada spread because it â€Å"had no programme, it was against all programmes . . . and, at that moment in history it was just this that gave the movement its explosive power to unfold in all directions, free of aesthetic or social constrains† (34). Separate from the Dada movement developing in Switzerland, a similar moment was developing in New York, lead by a periodical called Camera Work by Alfred Stieglitz. He believed that he could not only show the world through photography, he could make his own (Richter 81). He and a small group of young painters, with the help of a gallery by the name of â€Å"291† helped create a new concept of art that married the ideas of photography a nd painting, which was debuted in 1913 in a exhibition called the â€Å"Armory Show,† the focus of

Christian Ethics and Animal Right-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Christians are beginning to reevaluate the moral status of animals, becoming more concerned with animal suffering. As a result of this, should Christians become Vegetarians? Answer: The Christians observe a moral code and charity is an essential part of their religious doctrine. Moral goodness is an essential part of their religion and their religion believes that the goodness and love that is shown to fellow human beings is returned to us. It lays stress on the fact that God and ones neighbour should be treated with love and compassion for the greater good of human kind([1] ).The relationship between that of Christianity and animal rights is complex and varied which relies to a great extent on the historical context. Jesus Christ has often been depicted in terms of imagery that is related to animals. According to the Christian environmentalists animals should be treated with respect. Many Christian philosophers have stated that the individuals should follow Jesus and animals should be treated in such a manner that shows compassion. It should also illustrate respectful stewardship of the humanity for the environment. William Wilberforce who is the co-founder in relation to Royal Society For The Prevention Of Animals stands as an example. Christian attitudes have expressed the notion that human beings are negligent towards animals. They neglect the animals and are dismissive of the lot of animals. Some Christians have the idea that animals should be treated like commercial products that people can utilize in order to serve the desire of humanity ([2]). Ideology is an important part of this debate and people from right wing and conservatives have a tendency to view animals as only resources. Those who have sympathy for the left are more supportive of animal rights measures. The relationship between that of animals and that of people is extremely complex. Christian writer Jack Zavada has said that mans likeness is conceived to God and animal is considered to be subservient to man which points forward that animals can have the breath of life. It brings out the idea that animals are not held to be in the same position as that of the human kind. The book of Genesis states that humanity is made out of the image of God and they are given the authority to control all the other beings of the earth. It does not mention that Adam and Eve are having animal flesh. No incidence of mal-treatment in respect to animals has been mentioned in the Bible. The creatures along with that of the humans co-exist harmoniously and no mention of animals being exploited is noted in the Bible. Proverbs 12: 10 lay out an important principle that a man who is right cares about the health of his animal. Meat-eating has received the approval of God after Adam and Eve were sent away from the Eden to that of the end of global flood. A section of Genesis 9;3 states that just the way green plants were given to them in the same way they were given everything. The Old Testament states that God made differentiation between that of animal and that of man and man was asked to control the animals for the benefit of man. God has also provided man with the moral guidelines that cruelty should be prevented. Animal sacrifice is an important aspect in many parts of the Bible. Isaiah 65:25 states that the wolf along with that of lamb will have food together and that the lion will eat straw like that of the fox ( [3]). Jesus Christ in New Testament stands for a moral icon and he can be looked upon as an inspiration in respect to Christian ethics. The canonical gospels did not exactly perceive Jesus to be a vegetarian. Biblical passages show that Jesus along with his followers are carrying out fishing which in a way suggests that meat-eating was done in this phase. In respect to animal rights, Jesus is conceived of to be the good shepherd and it is mentioned that a good shepherd sacrifices his life for serving the sheep ( [4] ).It thus highlights a moral theme that those who are powerful should sacrifice themselves for serving the cause of the weaker section. This is often taken to be inspiration in respect to that of animal welfare. Christians are re-evaluating moral status in respect to animals and in the present age they are veering towards vegetarianism. What is driving them to become vegetarians is exclusively related to what they think of God. Assertions have been found in the scripture that highlights that God empathizes with the fate of animals. Jesus used to say that even when a sparrow falls on the ground then it has effect on the emotional state of Heavenly Father. An argument in the Bible states that putting an end to the life of an animal for the sake of getting food is permitted. This was however not the original will in respect to God. Adam along with Eve were practitioners of vegetarianism and even their descents were vegetarians till the time of the great flood ([5]). Peaceful kingdom that will be established after the second coming, vegetarianism will be the normal order for both humans and the animals. Another important reason of Christians abstaining from the practice of being meat-eaters is that of commitment to the poor and hungry people prevailing within the world. On processing the protein in grain and then being eaten by the human race, one can derive health benefits that are maximum. The grains being eaten by animals and then being consumed by man, a major part of the protein is lost. In a malnourished world where dearth of protein causes a lot of suffering among adults and children, one should be concerned about the needs of Gods children. The Bible says that our bodies should be treated as Temple of God. It highlights the fact we should abstain from such practices that cause injury to our health. Eating meat harms our bodies and the dictum of the scriptures states that maintaining healthy bodies is of crucial importance. Vegetarianism can prove to be an important step in that direction and it can help in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. When the different scriptural passages in relation to animal welfare are seen in the larger context of grace and mercy, a strong argument indicates the humane treatment in relation to God. Abstinence from consuming meat is professed very strongly in many Biblical cases [6] Contradictory to teaching of Aquinas, the celebrated Christian leaders were vegetarians who had the notion that consumption of meat was contrary to that of biblical message of the element of compassion. The biblical statements have conflicting opinion in regard to the treatment meted out to animals. The Old Testament describes incidences of animal sacrifice along with that of animal subservience. On the other hand, there are verses in Job and Isaiah that talks about purity in respect to animals. Chapter 22 in Book of Numbers narrates the enchanting story of the character of Israelite Balaam who had a faithful donkey that witnessed the angel with sword. It was blocking the path and it chose to move away into the field. Balaam is not pure and so he could not see the angel. He beat the donkey and asked the creature to move back into the road ([7] ).His numerous efforts to bring the donkey to the right path failed, the donkey spoke to Balaam and it told him that if he opened his mind he would be able to see that there is a strong reason for it suddenly stopping in the middle of the road. Just at this juncture, the angel became visible to Balaam. He trembles and falls back on the ground and the angel asked him why he had beaten the donkey ([8] ).The angel said that if the donkey had not turned away from the road, then it would have killed him but spared the donkey. The contradiction in respect to teaching was carried forward in the New Testament. In a large number of verses, animal imagery is used to reflect the religious attributes along with that of the God himself. There are many passages where Jesus is called by the name of Lamb of God ([9]). In Mark 1:9-11, Holy Spirit appeared in the form of dove. When Jesus was emerging from the water, he saw the tearing apart of Heaven. The spirit descended on Jesus by taking the form of dove. All the scholars agree to the fact that prophetic messages existing in Book of Isaiah have described Kingdom of God as the place where there is no killing and everyone co-exists in harmony ([10]). In the Genesis description of Garden of Eden god craves for such a world where there is no killing. It can be deduced that animals should not be killed for food and one should lead a life devoid of any kind of killing. Killing a living creature is against the strain of that of human nature. During the biblical times, horrors in relation to modern factory farming did not exist. It speaks volumes about the suffering that is inflicted upon creatures with the help of these atrocious practices. A merciful God can never forgive such monstrous activities. A diet based on plants can prove to be beneficial for the human body. Scientific research have made clear the fact that vegetarians have a long life and it has linked meat consumption with that of heart disease( [11] ).Animal agriculture results in deforestation along with that of water pollution around the world. Church leaders are also viewing consumption of meat outrightly as a sin. Nothing can be worse than consuming meat for sustenance. It perpetrates anguish to the lives of the innocent animals. Animals were created by the all-powerful God in the same manner as that of humans and they are supposed to get the same amount of freedom like that of humans. The bible commands the human race to produce good result by taking recourse to repentance. New Testament is based on the important idea that being sanctified member of Christ who have received the grace of God, Christians should lead a godly life. A righteous life can give forth to a fulfilling life ([12] ).Condemnation in relation to the consumption of meat and mistreatment of animals will in the coming future emerge to be a doctrinal tenet in relation to the Christian Church. According to the Christians, our hearts should be directed towards serving God that includes caring for that of the creation of God. Most of the Christians have access to healthy plant food ( [13] ).The Bible has stated that diet that is plant-based is the ideal of God. All the creatures used to live peacefully in Eden and God instructed the human race to have just plant food. The Bible has stated that animals should be cared for and all the creatures should take part in Sabbath rest. The Christians are compas sionate and they are advocators of mercy and animal rights ([14]). Having the noble qualities of pity, is an essential part of their religious doctrine. In the description in Genesis relating to Garden of Eden god wanted a world without any kind of killing. Animals should not be killed for the sake of food and the life of a person should be bereft of any kind of killing. Killing a living creature goes against the strain of that of human nature. The biblical scriptures do not have any mention of modern factory farming. Many passages are there where Jesus is called Lamb of God. In Mark 1:9-11, Holy Spirit took the form of a dove. Eating meat causes harm to our bodies and the scriptures maintains having a healthy body is extremely crucial. Vegetarianism can help one to have a healthy lifestyle. The Christians should hence become vegetarians according to the moral principles of the religious books and in order to comply with the ethos of Christianity. References: "Basic Statement On Christian Morality".Christianityetc.Org. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.christianityetc.org/morality.php. "Christianity And Animals".Nonhuman Animal Ethics. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://nonhumananimalethics.wordpress.com/religion-and-animals/. "Ethical Principles From The Bible".Christian Medical Fellowship - Cmf.Org.Uk. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.cmf.org.uk/resources/publications/content/?context=articleid=1330. "Jesus, Christianity, And Animal Rights".Your Daily Vegan. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.yourdailyvegan.com/2013/03/jesus-christianity-and-animal-rights/. "Should Christians Care About Animal Welfare?".The Exchange | A Blog By Ed Stetzer. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2013/december/animal-welfare-and-christian.html. "Six Principles Of A Jesus-Centered Moral Order".ERLC. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/six-principles-of-a-jesus-centered-moral-order. "What Are The Basic Elements Of Christian Morality? - Rediscover: | Archdiocese Of Saint Paul And Minneapolis".Rediscover.Archspm.Org. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://rediscover.archspm.org/belonging/what-are-the-basic-elements-of-christian-morality/. "What Do Activists Mean By Animal Rights'".Thoughtco. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-animal-rights-127600. "What Does The Bible Say About Christian Values And Christian Life?".Christianbiblereference.Org. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.christianbiblereference.org/faq_ChristianValues.htm. "What Is Christian Ethics? | A Guide To Ethics".Pages.Stolaf.Edu. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://pages.stolaf.edu/ein/christian-ethics/what-is-christian-ethics/. Equip.org. "Is Animal Rights A Biblical Concern? - Christian Research Institute".Christian Research Institute. Ministry, Christian. "What Is The Christian Position On Animal Rights? | Christian Apologetics Research Ministry".Carm.Org. Morals, We, and We Morals. "We Should Expect Non-Christians To Share Our Morals".Christianitytoday.Com. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/october-web-only/we-should-expect-non-christians-to-share-our-morals.html. Oppenheimer, Mark. "Scholars Explore Christian Perspectives On Animal Rights".Nytimes.Com Equip.org, "Is Animal Rights A Biblical Concern? - Christian Research Institute",Christian Research Institute Ministry, Christian. "What Is The Christian Position On Animal Rights? | Christian Apologetics Research Ministry".Carm.Org. Mark Oppenheimer, "Scholars Explore Christian Perspectives On Animal Rights",Nytimes.Com "Should Christians Care About Animal Welfare?".The Exchange | A Blog By Ed Stetzer. "Jesus, Christianity, And Animal Rights",Your Daily Vegan, last modified 2017, accessed November 3, 2017, https://www.yourdailyvegan.com/2013/03/jesus-christianity-and-animal-rights/. "Christianity And Animals",Nonhuman Animal Ethics, last modified 2017, accessed November 3, 2017, https://nonhumananimalethics.wordpress.com/religion-and-animals/. We Morals and We Morals, "We Should Expect Non-Christians To Share Our Morals",Christianitytoday.Com, last modified 2017, accessed November 3, 2017, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/october-web-only/we-should-expect-non-christians-to-share-our-morals.html. "Basic Statement On Christian Morality",Christianityetc.Org, last modified 2017, accessed November 3, 2017, https://www.christianityetc.org/morality.php. "What Does The Bible Say About Christian Values And Christian Life?".Christianbiblereference.Org. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.christianbiblereference.org/faq_ChristianValues.htm. "What Do Activists Mean By Animal Rights'".Thoughtco. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-animal-rights-127600. "What Are The Basic Elements Of Christian Morality? - Rediscover: | Archdiocese Of Saint Paul And Minneapolis".Rediscover.Archspm.Org. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://rediscover.archspm.org/belonging/what-are-the-basic-elements-of-christian-morality/. "Ethical Principles From The Bible".Christian Medical Fellowship - Cmf.Org.Uk. "Six Principles Of A Jesus-Centered Moral Order",ERLC, last modified 2017, accessed November 3, 2017, https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/six-principles-of-a-jesus-centered-moral-order. "What Is Christian Ethics? | A Guide To Ethics".Pages.Stolaf.Edu. Last modified 2017. Accessed November 3, 2017. https://pages.stolaf.edu/ein/christian-ethics/what-is-christian-ethics/.

Worth Of Education Essays - , Term Papers

Worth of Education Scholarship Essay A few days ago, as I was eating lunch with friends, I entered a heated debate about the worth of education. "I should not have to learn algebra and calculus because it will have no influence on my life," my opponent angrily shouted as I tried to defend the usefulness of mathematics. Three days later, I still mul l over the issue, trying to arrive at the origin of the disparity of views betw een my opponent and me. I treasure every bit of knowledge I gain, in or out of school. When someone contends that a particular academic field or realm of inf ormation has no applications, I feel compelled to demonstrate the fallacy of such an argument by citing an example from my life. As a middle-schooler in Moscow, Russia, I took English for three years. Many of my peers grumbled about having to attend the course, adamant in their belief that these skills would be never used. However, some, including myself, felt that any offer of knowledge was to be accepted and stored away for possible later use. Lo and behold, three years after I signed up for my first English class, I found myself living in the United States, sending sincere thank you letters to my English teacher for supplying me with survival skills. If I had not taken my class seriously, my integration into the American society would have taken much longer. My attitude toward learning has not changed since. Striving to excel in every class I take, I regard education in all areas as relevant to my life, rather than remote. I try to link each piece of new information either to my intended field of study (Physics/Mathematics) or to personal enlightenment. Living up to my motto, "The measure of learning is its application," I prepare myself for all situations and achieve well-roundedness.

Roy F Harrod essays

Roy F Harrod essays Roy F Harrod lived from 1900-1978. Roy Harrod taught economics, and produced his original contributions to the subject, at Oxford between 1924 and his retirement in 1967. Elected to a Lectureship at Christ Church Oxford in 1922, he then spent a few months at Cambridge with J.M. Keynes, with whom he remained in close touch for the rest of Keynes' life, and whose official biography he published in 1951. Harrod was a founder of the Oxford Economics Research Group along with Hubert Henderson and others. His unique contribution in urging a "dynamic" rather than "static" approach to economic issues was an Oxford contribution. He built upon Keynes theory of income determination, Evsey Domar also worked on independently is the Harrod-Domar model. A full explanation of Harrods model, Harrods first version of the idea was published in an essay in Dynamic Theory. He introduced the concepts of warranted growth, natural growth, and actual growth. His model showed that two kinds of problems could happen with growth rates. There was no necessary reason for actual growth to equal natural growth, and therefore no inherent tendency of the economy to reach full employment. But economists now believe that wage rates are fixed and the economy must use labor and capital in the same proportions. But most economist now believe rates can fall when the labor force increases. The second implied by Harrods model was unstable growth. If companies adjusted investments according to what they expected about future demands, and the anticipated demand was fore coming. This investment however would itself cause growth to rise acquiring even further investment, however itself would cause growth. The result would then be deceleration of growth, this property of Harrods growth model became known as Harrods knife edge. This uncomfortable conclusions was the result of two unrealistic assumptions made by Harrod. Harrods lasting contribution was to get economist thinking abo...

Emma Watsons UN Speech on Gender Equality

Emma Watsons UN Speech on Gender Equality On Sep. 20,  2014, British actor and Goodwill Ambassador for U.N. Women Emma Watson  gave a smart, important, and moving speech about gender inequality and how to fight it. In doing so, she launched the HeForShe initiative, which aims to get men and boys to join the feminist fight for gender equality. In the speech, Watson made the important point that in order for gender equality to be achieved, harmful and destructive stereotypes of masculinity and behavioral expectations for boys and men have got to change. Biography Emma Watson is a British actress and model born in 1990, who is best known for her 10-year stint as Hermione Granger in the eight Harry Potter movies. Born in Paris, France to a pair of now-divorced British lawyers, she made a reported $15 million dollars for playing Granger in each of the last two Harry Potter films. Watson began taking acting classes at six years of age and was selected for the Harry Potter cast in 2001 at age nine. She attended the Dragon School at Oxford, and then the Headington private girls school. Eventually, she received a bachelors degree in English literature at Brown University in the United States. Watson has been actively involved in humanitarian causes for several years, working to promote fair trade and organic clothing, and as an ambassador for Camfed International, a movement to educate girls in rural Africa. Celebrity Feminism Watson is one of several women in the arts who have leveraged their high profile status to bring womens rights issues to the public eye. The list includes Jennifer Lawrence, Patricia Arquette, Rose McGowan, Annie Lennox, Beyonce, Carmen Maura, Taylor Swift, Lena Dunham, Katy Perry, Kelly Clarkson, Lady Gaga, and Shailene Woodley, although some have refused to self-identify as feminists. These women have been both celebrated and criticized for the positions they have taken; the term celebrity feminist is sometimes used to denigrate their credentials or question their authenticity, but there is no doubt that their championships of different causes have shed public light into myriad issues. The U.N. and HeForShe Eduardo Munoz Alvarez / Getty Images In 2014, Watson was named a U.N. Women Goodwill Ambassador by the United Nations, a program that actively involves prominent personalities in the fields of arts and sports to promote U.N. programs. Her role is to serve as an advocate for U.N. Womens gender equality campaign known as HeForShe. HeForShe, led by the U.N.s Elizabeth Nyamayaro and under the direction of Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, is a program dedicated to improving the status of women and inviting men and boys around the world to stand in solidarity with women and girls as they make that make gender equality a reality. The speech at the United Nations was part of her official role as U.N. Women Goodwill Ambassador. Below is the  full transcript of her 13-minute speech; after that is a discussion of the speechs reception. Emma Watsons Speech at the U.N. Today we are launching a campaign called HeForShe. I am reaching out to you because we need your help. We want to end gender inequality, and to do this, we need everyone involved. This is the first campaign of its kind at the UN. We want to try to mobilize as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for change. And, we don’t just want to talk about it. We want to try and make sure that it’s tangible. I was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador for UN Women six  months ago. And, the more I spoke about feminism, the more I realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating. If there is one thing I know for certain, it is that this has to stop. For the record, feminism by definition is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. It is the theory of political, economic and social equality of the sexes. I started questioning gender-based assumptions a long time ago. When I was 8, I was confused for being called bossy because I wanted to direct the plays that we would put on for our parents, but the boys were not. When at 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements of the media. When at 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of sports teams because they didn’t want to appear muscly. When at 18, my male friends were unable to express their feelings. I decided that I was a feminist, and this seemed uncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word. Women are choosing not to identify as feminists. Apparently, I’m among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, and anti-men. Unattractive, even. Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I am from Britain, and I think it is right I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should be able to make decisions about my own body. I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life. I think it is right that socially, I am afforded the same respect as men. But sadly, I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to see these rights. No country in the world can yet say that they achieved gender equality. These rights, I consider to be human rights but I am one of the lucky ones. My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me less because I was born a daughter. My school did not limit me because I was a girl. My mentors didn’t assume I would go less far because I might give birth to a child one day. These influencers were the gender equality ambassadors that made me who I am today. They may not know it, but they are the inadvertent feminists who are changing the world today. And we need more of those. And if you still hate the word, it is not the word that is important. It’s the idea and the ambition behind it, because not all women have received the same rights I have. In fact, statistically, very few have. In 1995, Hillary Clinton made a famous speech in Beijing about women’s rights. Sadly, many of the things that she wanted to change are still true today. But what stood out for me the most was that less than thirty percent of the audience were male. How can we effect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation? Men, I would like to take this opportunity to extend your formal invitation. Gender equality is your issue, too. Because to date, I’ve seen my father’s role as a parent being valued less by society, despite my need of his presence as a child, as much as my mother’s. I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illness, unable to ask for help for fear it would make them less of a man. In fact, in the UK, suicide is the biggest killer of men between 20 to 49, eclipsing road accidents, cancer and coronary heart disease. I’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by a distorted sense of what constitutes male success. Men don’t have the benefits of equality, either. We don’t often talk about men being imprisoned by gender stereotypes, but I can see that they are, and that when they are free, things will change for women as a natural consequence. If men don’t have to be aggressive in order to be accepted, women won’t feel compelled to be submissive. Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive. Both men and women should feel free to be strong. It is time that we all perceive gender on a spectrum, instead of two sets of opposing ideals. If we stop defining each other by what we are not, and start defining ourselves by who we are, we can all be freer, and this is what HeForShe is about. It’s about freedom. I want men to take up this mantle so that their daughters, sisters, and mothers can be free from prejudice, but also so that their sons have permission to be vulnerable and human too, reclaim those parts of themselves they abandoned, and in doing so, be a more true and complete version of themselves. You might be thinking, â€Å"Who is this Harry Potter girl, and what is she doing speaking at the UN?† And, it’s a really good question. I’ve been asking myself the same thing. All I know is that I care about this problem, and I want to make it better. And, having seen what I’ve seen, and given the chance, I feel it is my responsibility to say something. Statesman Edmund Burke said, â€Å"All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing.† In my nervousness for this speech and in my moments of doubt, I told myself firmly, â€Å"If not me, who? If not now, when?† If you have similar doubts when opportunities are presented to you, I hope those words will be helpful. Because the reality is that if we do nothing, it will take seventy-five years, or for me to be nearly 100 before women can expect to be paid the same as men for the same work. 15.5 million girls will be married in the next 16 years as children. And at current rates it won’t be until 2086 before all rural African girls will be able to receive a secondary education. If you believe in equality, you might be one of those inadvertent feminists that I spoke of earlier, and for this, I applaud you. We are struggling for a uniting word, but the good news is, we have a uniting movement. It is called HeForShe. I invite you to step forward, to be seen and to ask yourself, â€Å"If not me, who? If not now, when?† Thank you very, very much. Reception Most of the public reception for Watsons speech has been positive: The speech got a thunderous standing ovation at U.N. headquarters; Joanna Robinson writing in Vanity Fair called the speech impassioned; and Phil Plait writing in Slate called it stunning. Some positively compared Watsons speech with Hilary Clintons speech to the U.N. 20 years earlier. Other press reports have been less positive. Roxane Gay writing in The Guardian, expressed her frustration that the idea of women asking for the rights that men already have only sells when delivered in the right package: a particular kind of beauty, fame, and/or self-deprecating brand of humor. Feminism should not be something that needs a seductive marketing campaign, she said. Julia Zulwer writing in Al Jazeera wondered why the United Nations picked a foreign, distant figure to be the representative for the women of the world. Maria Jose Gmez Fuentes and colleagues argue that the HeForShe movement as expressed in Watsons speech is an innovative attempt to connect with the experiences of many women, without focusing on the trauma. However, the HeForShe movement asks for the activation of action by the people who hold power. That, say the scholars, denies the agency of women as the subjects of violence, inequality, and oppression, instead giving men the ability to restore this lack of agency, to empower the women and offer them freedom. The will to eradicate gender inequality depends on the will of the males, which is not a traditional feminist principle. The MeToo Movement However, all of this negative reaction predates the #MeToo movement, and the election of Donald Trump, as of course did Watsons speech. There are some signs that feminists of all stripes and across the world are feeling rejuvenated by the open criticism and in many cases the fall of very powerful men because they abused that power. In March of 2017, Watson met and discussed gender equality issues with bell hooks, a powerful icon of the feminist movement since the 1960s. As Alice Cornwall puts it, shared outrage can offer a powerful basis for connection and solidarity that can reach across the differences that might otherwise divide us. And as Emma Watson says, If not me, who? If not now, when? Sources Brady, Anita. Taking Time between G-String Changes to Educate Ourselves: Sinà ©ad O’Connor, Miley Cyrus, and Celebrity Feminism. Feminist Media Studies 16.3 (2016): 429-44. Print.Cornwall, Andrea. Taking Off International Developments Straightjacket of Gender. Brown Journal of World Affairs 21.1 (2014-2015): 127-39. Print.Gmez Fuentes, Marà ­a Josà ©, Emma Gà ³mez Nicolau, and Rebeca Maseda Garcà ­a. Celebrities, Gender-Based Violence and Womens Rights: Towards the Transformation of the Framework of Recognition. Revista Latina de Comunicacià ³n Social, 71 (2016): 833-52. Print.Gay, Roxane. Emma Watson? Jennifer Lawrence? These Arent the Feminists Youre Looking For. The Guardian October 14, 2014. Web, accessed February 16, 2018.Hamad, Hannah, and Anthea Taylor. Introduction: Feminism and Contemporary Celebrity Culture. Celebrity Studies 6.1 (2015): 124-27. Print.Kennelly, Alexah. #Activism: Identity, Affiliation, and Political Discourse-Making on Twitter. The Arbutus Revi ew 6.1 (2015). Print. MacDonald, Fiona. Knocking Down Walls in Political Science: In Defense of an Expansionist Feminist Agenda. Canadian Journal of Political Science 50.2 (2017): 411-26. Print.Matos, Julie. Womens Rights in Public Address: A Feminist Rhetorical Critique. Colloquy 11 (2015): 1-22. Print.Plait, Phil. I Stand with Emma Watson. Slate September 23, 2014. Web, accessed February 16, 2018.Rottenberg, Catherine. Neoliberal Feminism and the Future of Human Capital. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 42.2 (2017): 329-48. Print.Zulver, Julia. Is Emma Watson the Right Woman For the Job? Al Jazeera September 24, 2014. Web, accessed February 16, 2018.

Project Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Planning - Coursework Example The students are required to carry on the project management with time constraints. This activity can provide fruitful experience that can help them in their future career when time comes that they are assigned to do project planning. ELA is very important for students of project management in the sense that they will have a real feel of what they will encounter come their time to practice their profession in engineering or other disciplines that require a lot of teamwork. ELA is an educational tool which helps the instructor and also the students in carrying out a project. The instructor can ask questions that motivate the students to provide insights and ideas about a given subject matter. The activity includes a pretest and posttest method where data can be collected. The instructor can study the findings and provide output for the course. (Carden and Egan, 2008, p. 315) The project manager and his team should be able to have coordination and teamwork and a good communication process. The team should have a well-studied plan that is borne out of a careful evaluation and analysis of the situation. Senior members of the team, or the experienced managers and experts should be consulted because they have the knowledge to carry out projects. Knowledge, teamworking and good management are important characteristics of a team (Koch, 2004). This simple sentence by Koch (2004) carries a lot of meanings. Knowledge itself has many connotations. Knowledge has got to be present in a team that must perform teamwork to carry out a project. And these are the requirements of an effective management in carrying out a project. A project is defined as a job or task that is carefully planned, with a deadline to follow, implemented by a team and to be evaluated by a manager or client who is the owner/buyer of the project. (Carden and Egan, 2008) This definition of project can be applied to almost every

Population control through forced sterilization in the past and Essay

Population control through forced sterilization in the past and medication, food in the present - Essay Example In this regard, the state observed a growth of compulsory sterilization laws that encompassed progressive era reforms and the popularity concerning the eugenic movements (Eccleston 2). The reformers proposed the use of mental institutions and prisons to separate these kinds of the population from the people. On the other hand, the eugenicists proposed that the elimination of such persons from the society is the sure way of curbing the problems of criminal tendencies and disabilities. In the contemporary society, there are modifications of eugenics to involve foods and vaccines that harm the populations. Arguably, the use of eugenics has profound adverse effects on the people that consume them, hence, they should be stopped. The medical communities targeted the feebleminded people in the communities because of the challenges posed by their increased numbers. For instance, the doctors referred to the feebleminded as morons, idiots, and imbeciles claiming that they are legible to initiate crime or settle on begging. Eccleston asserts that studies conducted during those times claimed that high-grade morons would grow to become prostitutes and criminals. The research added that, women of the feeble mind bred at very high rates, thus the need to curb this phenomenon since it led to many welfare dependents and crooks (Eccleston 4). Further, the officials of the public welfare elucidated the potential of social inadequacy by relating disability, the socioeconomic status, and criminality. The state then conducted a survey indicated various challenges amongst many individuals. Eccleston notes that, the President of Campell ascertained that the survey indicated a mutual interdependency between delinquency, dependency, and mental defects. The situation meant that there was enough evidence for the state to support the use of eugenics in population control (Eccleston 5). Due to sexual defiance in the society, the

Two Early Childhood Education Services in Your Community Essay Example for Free

Two Early Childhood Education Services in Your Community Essay Identify TWO early childhood education services in your community. Briefly explain their history and then compare and contrast their philosophies, educational goals and the strategies employed to achieve these goals. Kangaroo Kids education limited (KKEL) and Indian Montessori Foundation(IMF) are two organisations providing early childcare services in Mumbai, Maharashtra. W hile KKEL represents a more contemporary approach based on student-centric experiential learning processes, dynamic curriculum and stress-free environment that meet the ‘best practices’ and international standards of education (KangarooKids Education Ltd. [KKEL], n. d. ), the IMF, a long existing organization was setup with the vision of enabling children to reach their full potential through the principles of Montessori Education leading towards a more harmonious and peaceful world. (Indian Montessori Foundation. (IMF). n. d. ) The KKEL Vision as stated above, is to wholeheartedly serve children and make every learning moment a joyful, effective and meaningful one. Kangaroo Kids Education Ltd (KKEL) has brought about an alternate system of education which is a stark contrast to the widely prevalent ‘learn by rote’ methods of learning. The emphasis is on active learning and on providing a system that leads to the acquisition of both knowledge and skills. Today, KKEL supports 80 schools in India that are operating in 17 cities and has an international presence in Dubai and Maldives and is still growing rapidly. (KangarooKids Education Ltd. [KKEL], n. d. ) In contrast, the central principle in the Montessori Approach is that of using education as an aid to life. This approach comes from the fact that the principles of the Montessori Approach go hand in hand with the child’s own natural development stages. Montessori classrooms are referred to as prepared environments which provide children an atmosphere where they can choose the work they wish to pursue and allow them the freedom to develop at their own pace. In this work, the children are guided by a trained adult. The IMF aims to achieve the above goals by nurturing Montessori principles in schools, supporting AMI Montessori training, bringing together AMI Alumni, Promoting research and development of all aspects of Montessori Education and expanding the awareness of Montessori Principles in society. (Indian Montessori Foundation. [IMF]. n. d. ) The approaches of these organisations are perhaps most significantly different in terms of the philisophical underpinnings. W hile KKEL seems to derive from the experiential aspects largely contributing to the specific knowledge and skills the IMF instead relies on providing an understanding of universal principles of peace and harmony. Additionally their strategies seem starkly different, while IMF is focussed on engaging the community as a mode of sustaining, KKEl appears to be a promotion driven organisation. Finally and most crucially while their systems might seem quite different it would be fair to say that KKEL is perhaps an evolution of the IMF model, which while based on modern demands of cutting edge education solutions seems customised and contemporary but still aims to develop a child skills in manner broadly the same but specifically different. 1 BEd110C5: Introduction to Early Childhood Education – International 20110503 Namrata Sharma 2.

Food Irradiation Essay -- essays research papers

Food Irradiation: Solution to Hunger or Killer Mutagen? People all over the world are starving for fresh, uncontaminated food. Insects, pests, and invisible microorganisms are not what the public want to find on their dinner plates. Throughout history, life has depended on ways of treating food to reduce or destroy these naturally occurring harmful contaminants and to enable foods to be stored after harvesting so that they can be saved for use at other times of the year. With increasing populations and the growth of cities, it is even more important to be able to preserve food so that it can be transported over considerable distances and stored for long periods before it reaches the consumer. The relentless pressure to supply safe foods to mass markets has led to major contamination problems arising in recent years. The food industry has responded by developing new methods to treat food, such as food irradiation. To some in the food industry, irradiation is a wonderful new technology that could solve many contamination problems without any apparent effects on the treated food. To the consumer, it is a new process that has unknown threats and benefits. Currently, 37 countries, including the United States, permit the use of irradiation and approximately 25 actually use it. Irradiation will remain an expensive and little used technology until there is general acceptance of irradiated foods by consumers. The modern food industry has to make certain choices as to how and when it treats food during the food production cycle. It can start by reducing the level of microorganisms and pests in food by using chemical treatments and pesticides during growth. For this to be effective the food must then be protected against fresh contamination during transport and storage. An alternative approach is to do very little to the food as grown and harvested, but to treat it nearer to the point of consumption. This is common with herbs and spices. The food industry will tend to choose the way it deals with contamination based on the economics of each case, in other words, the cheapest way possible. Even where food is produced relatively close to the point of consumption, it may have to be treated because contamination is inherent in the production process. This is why milk has to be pasteurized. Pasteurization is the most effective way of killing microorganisms with m... ...where the greed of people like Gustavus Swift turned meat-packing plants into death traps and sold ground cardboard, rats, and fingers to the public as ‘fresh meat’ while sweeping the floors of the plant to recover the sliced-off bits and package them as potted meat. Clearly the food industry is driven by capitalism, and not by concern for the consumer, and although I am wholeheartedly in favor of capitalist businesses, I do think federal regulation needs to come into play not just in the United states, but in other countries where most of the people have no legal recourse at all if they fall ill or die as the result of unclean food. Education of the consumer is the key to this problem, as is objective research. Governments around the world should be made to adhere to guidelines recommended by people whose main concern is the safe and healthy production of food, instead of the cheapest way to produce it, or what would be best for the businesses already irradiating fo od, as is the case for the federal government. Without measures taken during all aspect of food production to ensure cleanliness, the consumer is doomed to a lifetime of choices between dirty food, and dirtier food.

Hamlet Review Essay

Primary Characters: * Hamlet- indecisive, isolates himself, plans his â€Å"antic disposition† * Claudius- murder of King Hamlet, Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather, guilty * Ophelia- Polonius’s daughter, Hamlet’s love, drowns Secondary Characters: * Horatio- Hamlet’s friend * Polonius- protective of Ophelia, believes Hamlet is affected by Ophelia’s love * Gertrude- Hamlet’s mother and the queen * Laertes- Polonius’s son and Ophelia’s brother, wants to kill Hamlet after Ophelia dies Point of view and other notable techniques: Most people believe that Hamlet was written in the 3rd person point of view. However, some literary critics argue that Shakespeare’s characters possess individuality too great to be bound under a fixed point of view. Like actual people, they act with intentions we cannot completely comprehend. This lack of fixed point of view allows the work to be up to interpretation, as it has been analyzed in a variety of ways. Shakespeare embodies various structural, literary, and stylistic techniques in his play. He often switches between the use of blank verse and prose when dealing with his different characters. He also uses iambic pentameter throughout the play. Examples of this can be most easily found in Hamlet’s â€Å"To be or not to be† monologue in Act III. Favorite stylistic techniques of Shakespeare include soliloquy, particularly those uttered by Hamlet throughout the play (the â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  soliloquy remains one of the most famous in English literature). He also uses various allusions to both biblical and mythological references throughout Hamlet, including a reference to the Garden of Eden in the Ghost of Hamlet’s father’s graphic description of his murder. Imagery is another favorite technique of Shakespeare, as he uses his words to paint images of violence, chaos, beauty, and darkness. The language of Shakespeare is in a class of its own, as the old English text he employs throughout the play reflect his own unique manner of writing. Major conflicts and resolutions: * Hamlet vs. His inner self- Hamlet struggles between action and inaction throughout the entire play. Is inability to act out what he feels and kill Claudius ultimately leads to his death. * Hamlet vs. Claudius, Polonius, Ophelia & Laertes: Hamlet has many external conflicts with the other characters that stem from his internal conflict. The conflict between Claudius and Hamlet leads to both of their deaths. Hamlet kills Polonius out of a fit of insanity. Ophelia and Hamlet seem to have various problems, (as seen by the nunnery scene) and in the end Ophelia ends up going insane and drowning. After Ophelia dies, Laertes wants to seek revenge. He and Hamlet fence and because of a mix up of swords, he is poisoned by his own sword. Key Scenes: * A huge turning point in Hamlet is within rising action. The ghost tells hamlet to revenge his murder. Hamlet finds out that it is Claudius, but Hamlet does not kill Claudius because he is in prayer. * The climax of â€Å"Hamlet† is when Hamlet stabs Polonius through the curtain. (III:v). This is the climax because since he violently killed Polonius, Hamlets gets into conflicts with the king. * The resolution is when Hamlet returns from England, changed. Hamlet eventually has a fencing match with Laertes and then the royal family dies and so does Hamlet. (V.). Key Quotations: * â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death/ The memory be green†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I.ii.1-25) * Claudius addresses his court explaining the death of the King and his marriage to Gertrude. * â€Å"This above all,—to thine own self be true; And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man† (I.iii.78-80) * Polonius speaks these words to Laertes as he gives him final counsel before leaving home. * â€Å"To be or not to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (III.i. 58-90) * In this famous soliloquy, Hamlet ponders life and death, suicide and the afterlife, as well as action and inaction. * â€Å"Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. A certain convocation of politic worms are e’en at him. Your worm is your only emperor for diet. We fat all creatures else to fat  us, and we fat ourselves for maggots. Your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service—two dishes, but to one table. That’s the end.† (IV.iii.21) * Hamlet says this to the king. In this humorous scene, he speaks of Polonius’s death. Many think that the manner in which he speaks of the death in these lines prove his insanity. * â€Å"The rest is silence† (V.ii.356) * Hamlet’s last words spoken to Horatio before he dies Theme statements & central questions: After losing a loved one unjustifiably, one may seek revenge and in doing so explore the limits of sanity. * Why does Hamlet delay in killing Claudius? * Was the ghost real or imagined? * When is murder justifiable? * Is suicide okay? * How much thought is too much thought and not enough action? Your reactions: * I found the soliloquy in Hamlet the most difficult sections of the play to comprehend, particularly due to the old English style in which they were written in. Shakespeare’s dated language and implementation of iambic pentameter often confused me, as did his various allusions and colloquialisms, among other literary devices throughout these extended monologues. I had to re-read the â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy until I was finally able to understand it. Shakespeare reveals of his character’s innermost demons and troubles through his soliloquy, bringing their emotional instability full circle. Realizing this made me strive even harder to understand every aspect of these speeches, every allusion and image and literary device was crucial, even though it appears to be insignificant in the scheme of things. The details truly matter in his works. * Personally, the â€Å"this above all† quote is one of my favorite quotes. Polonius may have been a fool for trying to teach Laertes this lesson at the last possible moment before his departure, but his words are wise ones. Through personal experience I have found truth behind the advice and hold it very close. I’ve discovered that if I remain true to myself and am honest with myself, it is virtually impossible to be false to others.  I’ll always remember these famous words. * One aspect of Hamlet that really stood out to me was the scenes of the ghost. I personally believe that the ghost telling Hamlet to remember him and revenge his father’s death, was actually within the imagination of Hamlet himself. There is no evidence in the play that suggests that the ghost is all in Hamlet’s mind, however, there is no evidence against it, thus making it an effective claim. Notable literary devices: * Shakespeare’s use of tone creates a unique and completely entertaining style of dialogue for the play. The tone uses imagery and diction to add meaning to the text and make the play sad, funny, dark, or even violent at times. * Shakespeare uses poetry in â€Å"Hamlet† and it is written in Iambic Pentameter. â€Å"Hamlet†, having been written in poetry, is portrayed beautifully and because of the meter, is executed properly. * The use of symbols is evident in â€Å"Hamlet†. The skull and the ghost are obvious symbols of death. However, other symbols can be analyzed like Ophelia and flowers, or Ophelia and innocence. Hamlet can be looked at as the â€Å"tragic hero†, and many characters have symbolism behind them. Good for the following prompts: This text would be best implemented in either an analysis or an argument prompt. For the analysis prompt, the student would be presented with a short excerpt from Hamlet and be required to discuss different techniques the author uses throughout the passage, connecting back to the overall meaning of the work as a whole. Any selection from Hamlet highlights Shakespeare’s use of iambic pentameter, as well as his mastery of imagery and allusions. An argument prompt requires the student to analyze a given position in said argument, and either defend, challenge, or qualify the position using their own knowledge of the work. Anything goes with this prompt, so a total understanding of the various interpretations of Hamlet is necessary to succeed. Students must develop their own interpretation of the work and pinpoint elements in the work that contribute to their understanding of it. Hamlet would be an excellent choice when faced with any prompt dealing with revenge, avenging the death of a loved one, insanity, or family values, a few of the central themes of Shakespeare’s work.

CASE STUDY ON STRATEGIES OF SALES AND MARKETING FOR BUDGET HOTELS Essay

Sales & Marketing department of any hotel is the lifeline of the hotel. It is the department which ensures that the hotel stays in the news (for positive activities), has near 100% occupancy at rates which add to the bottom line of the hotel Balance Sheet. In a nutshell, Sales & Marketing department is responsible for bringing the business to the respective hotel by way of – Occupancy Number of Rooms. Seminars & Exhibitions. Other events so as to ensure that Business centre of the hotel are also a profit venture. SALES & MARKETING department has 3 distinct functions: 1. Public Relations 2. Event Management & its promotions 3. Room Occupancy- Business group Budget hotels offer low cost business hotel rooms for budget travel. The low price hotels offering leisure to budgeted travelers. For a memorable and unbeatable luxury hotel experience, Budget Hotels are the right choice for low price accommodation travelers . Budget Hotels Offer Low cost hotel rooms of the art amenities for international visitors like Luxury Ac Rooms, CCTV, Fridge, 24 hrs Room Service, Travel desk & Safe deposit, India Travel Packages etc. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Kotler â€Å"Marketing is a social and management process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating offering, and exchanging products of value with other’s. (Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation & Control, 7th ed. 1996) In the Mind of the strategist Kenichi Ohmae defines marketing strategy â€Å"as an endeavor by a corporation to differentiate itself positively from its competitors using is relative corporate strengths to better satisfy customers needs, in a given environment setting (Khurana and Ravichandran, Strategic Marketing Management: Concepts & Class 1995). Or in other words, marketing strategy is a set plans or actions that attempts to satisfy the customer’s expectations by the use of organization’s strengths so as to strength the firm’s position in the competitive environment and leads to overall profitability and growth. Key Terms (Reich Allen Z. 1997) Strategy: Strategy refers to the plan for achieving a goal or objective. Webster’s definition for strategy (a noun) is: 1) The science of planning and directing and directing large-scale military operations, specifically (as distinguished from tactics), of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy; 2) Skill in managing or planning, especially by using strategy (a plan for deceiving an enemy). (Rich Allen Z. 1997) 3) Another definition of strategy is:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"something an organization or uses in order to ‘win’ or establish its ‘legitimacy’ in a world of competitive rivalry and numerous challenges to managerial autonomy†. Rumelt’s (1979) definition stressed that strategy was what a firm used â€Å"to create and maintain an ‘asymmetric’ advantage in its product markets† (cited in Thomas, 1993, p.3) Miles and Snow (1978) and Mintzberg (1978) agreed with the widely he ld view that â€Å"strategy reflects a pattern in a stream of conscious managerial decisions, aimed at ensuring organizational adaptation.† (Reich Allen Z. 1997) OBJECTIVE The Aim of this study is to understand who the function of Sales & Marketing in Budget Hotel. . Selling objectives and strategy.  Overview of the Sales division in terms of type, location, hierarchy and functions. Key objections faced by the sales personnel and the proposed solutions, Formation of sales budgets and sales forecasting. Reporting Format and Frequency. Size of the sales force. Sales Budgets. Factors taken into account while assigning quota and territories. METHODOLOGY {Explanatory} PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire, Research, Survey Method, Interview. SECONDARY DATA: Internet, Relevant Magazines, Relevant Books, Journals, Newspapers, Periodicals. LIMITATIONS Difficulties in collecting of first hand data. It’s difficult to access the supervisory data. Constraints of time. Financial problem. Lack of co-operation between the researcher and the data giver. BUDGET HOTEL Roots Corporation Limited (RCL) is a subsidiary of The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL). Incorporated on December 24, 2003, RCL operates the first-of-its-kind category of Smart Basics hotel chain across the country. IHCL operates Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, one of South Asia’s largest and finest group of hotels. The company was incorporated on 1902 by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and opened India’s first luxury hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai in 1903. Launched in June 2004, the Smart Basics concept created a revolution in the world of Indian hospitality. A GenNext category of hotels, they signify simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. The concept was developed in association with renowned corporate strategy thinker, Dr. C. K. Prahalad, and the hotels have been indigenously designed and developed by IHCL. The first of the Smart Basics hotel was launched in Bangalore and was called IndiOne. Having completed the test marketing of the concept and subsequent fine-tuning of the hotel facilities and services, the Smart Basics concept is now ready to roll out  across India. These hotels have been launched with a new name – Ginger Hotels – in sync with the fresh, simple-yet-stylish and warm world of Smart Basics. The Ginger Hotels are built around a unique concept that provides facilities to meet the key needs of today’s traveler, at surprisingly affordable rates. They have created a new category in the domestic hospitality landscape, while giving a major fillip to Indian tourism and other ancillary industries. The primary objective behind the launch of these hotels is to provide a superior product offering and consistent experience to travelers, beyond the present offerings in the industry. CONCEPT OF LOW BUDGET HOTELS IN INDIA. The budget hotels in India are recognized for their impeccable facilities and services that ensure a satisfying tour. The hotels are dotted all over the important tourist destinations since there are many budget travelers all over the world looking for cost effective accommodation. The tourists are going to benefit a lot from the budget Indian hotels that have tastefully appointed rooms and provide customer centric services to the travelers during their tour to India. The impressive packages are designed keeping in mind the taste, preference and likings of the tourists and are reasonably priced so as to make it reachable even to the common man. The budget hotels are well-acclaimed for their services and facilities that are always directed towards satisfying the needs of the guests. The hotels are professionally managed and feature neat and clean guestrooms that are tastefully furnished with the most modern facilities and room amenities. Budget travel in India is becoming increasingly popular and all the four major metropolitans of India are visited by large number of tourists each year. Thus to cater to their accommodation options, a large number of fine accommodations have come up that ensure an exclusive stay to the tourists. Though available at low cost tariffs, the budget hotels in India also cater to the corporate needs of the guests who drop in to India for the purpose of business. SCOPE OF LOW BUDGET HOTELS IN INDIA India, a land of diverse cultures and myriad tourist attractions, is visited by millions of tourists every year. The country is emerging as one of the fabulous tourist destinations of the world. Budget Hotels in India welcomes you for a comfortable stay in any place of India during your tour. Whether you’re in India for a pleasure trip or on business, you’re sure to find a hotel that suits your preferences. Smart Basics is much more than a catchy phrase. It is a philosophy of providing intelligent, thought-out facilities and services at a ‘value’ pricing. Smart Basics reflects the new spirit in which people live and work today. The emerging lifestyle which is visible in the degree to which individuals have taken control of their various activities viz. the use of email instead of letters as also the use of mobile phones, conference calls and video conferences to get things done quickly and efficiently. Essentially, Smart Basics signifies simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. Simplicity and convenience in ease of doing business (awareness, booking channels, payment gateways); informality, style, warmth and modernity in its approach to product design, service philosophy and affordability in pricing. Customer-driven excellence: We anticipate expectations and delight our patrons with convenient and modern facilities at an unsurpassed value Entrepreneurship: We strive to take ownership of the tasks we perform and to create an environment that encourages and supports initiative and appropriate risk-taking Innovation: We believe that making meaningful changes to improve products, services and processes to create value for all stakeholders is an integral part of the daily work of the organization Valuing employees, partners and communities: We believe in nurturing and developing internal and external partnerships, balancing the growth of the core business while preserving natural resources and contributing to society Speed and agility: We deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and short response time Fun, joy and zing: We believe that a happy employee leads to a delighted guest TYPE OF SERVICES AND HOSPITALITY PROVIDED BY THESE HOTELS. Food and Beverage options Our hotels have a myriad of options when it comes to dining. We believe in giving you the best value in dining, as with everything else. The Square Meal: Open for breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks 20†³ Large screen TV WorldSpace radio Dial-a-meal Order from a selection of menus from local restaurants and enjoy the meal at our resturant,collect the food at the Give ‘n’ Take counter Smart Basics Facilities and Services Ginger hotels have intelligently designed facilities and services, conceived with convenience and comfort in mind. Some of our features include: The Square Meal : The Multi-Cuisine restaurant for a wholesome breakfast, lunch or dinner Net Zone: For high speed internet connectivity Conference Room (seats 80-100 people) or Meeting room (seats 8-10 people) Laundry facility: Express delivery (same day delivery): Give your clothes by 9.30 am and get them back on the same day. Gymnasium: Equipped with treadmill, exercycle and weights, air power bike, dumbbells, dual action poles with stepper, wrist curler, doorway chinning bar and punching bag, yoga mat On-site ATM: From a selected set of approved/empanneled banks Secure parking: 24*7 security on-site: monitoring by CC TV Doctor on call Smart Basics , Smart prices We have a totally transparent pricing policy, with no hidden costs and additional levies. We believe in giving you true value for your money. Smart Planet — An eco initiative At Ginger Hotels, our values give special emphasis on environmental and ecological issues. We constantly work towards building a better and sustainable way of living by providing facilities to our customers without compromising on the environment. The steps taken by us speak volumes of the measures that have been taken to create a safer environment for the future. Smart Sleep A good night’s sleep is very important as it renews the mind and rejuvenates the body. At Ginger, we understand the importance of a good night’s rest and strive to make our guests incredibly comfortable. We offer state-of-the-art posturepedic mattresses, which provide adequate support, thus ensuring a good slumber. Our special mattresses help in: Providing advanced pressure point relief Absorbing and redistributing pressure from your body weight Delivering the correct orthopaedic support Sensing body motion and responding with increased support Reducing tossing and turning These mattresses are complimented with duvets that offer softness and comfort to enhance the sleeping experience. Our exciting new range of beautiful bed linen, our comfortable pillows, and sumptuous duvets add to your convenience and comfort. So, don’t forget to sleep smart the next time you are in Ginger Pune. *Smart Sleep is currently available in Ginger Pune. Smart Space Rooms At Ginger, we believe in the luxury of simplicity. Our Smart Space rooms are designed with comfort and practicality in mind. You can choose from: Single Rooms: Ideal for the lone traveller, yet does not compromise on any of the conveniences of the other rooms Twin Rooms: Separate beds for those who travel together Double Rooms: A queen-size bed for your comfort Family Rooms: Perfect for a family of four (at Delhi and Durg only) Special Room to look after the special needs of the physically challenged Our rooms are packed with features, to make your stay a memorable experience. You can find the following amenities: Electronic locks on doors 17-inch wall-mounted flat-screen TV 24-hour cable TV with all major channels Internet connectivity: Wi-fi Mini-fridge Tea / coffee maker with complementary sachets of Tea/Coffee STD and local direct dial, voice mail and self programmed alarm on phone Full-length mirror Ergonomic work area Wardrobe and luggage rack Self controlled AC Bottled water, Posturepedic mattress, Duvets Every room has an attached bathroom with the following facilities: 24-hour running hot and cold water Branded toiletries: Body & hair wash, and hand wash Shower area Bath and hand towels Safe Zone At Ginger, we realise the importance of safety. Our hotels designed for total security and has security features like: 24-hour security Close-circuit TV maintains records of all areas and visitors Swipe card locks that offer the latest in security Digital safes located at the Give ‘n’ Take counter at the lobby GINGER HOTELS IN INDIA. Ginger Mysore provides DOT (Department of Tourism) approved three-star facilities including all the special features of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ such as Smart spaceâ„ ¢, Safe zoneâ„ ¢, gymnasium, meeting room, self check-in kiosk and is geared to make your stay comfortable and pleasant. Ginger offers clean, well-furnished and aesthetically designed accommodation equipped with amenities like mini-fridge, LCD TV, self-controlled A/c, tea and coffee maker and a telephone. COMPANY BACKGRAOUND AT HOTELS Roots Corporation profile Roots Corporation Limited (RCL) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL). Incorporated on December 24, 2003, RCL operates the first-of-its-kind category of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ hotels across the country. IHCL operates Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, one of South Asia’s largest and finest group of hotels. The company was incorporated on 1902 by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and opened India’s first luxury hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai in 1903. Launched in June 2004, the Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ concept created a revolution in the world of Indian hospitality. A GenNext category of hotels, they signify simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. The concept was developed in association with renowned corporate strategy thinker, Dr C. K. Prahalad, and the hotels have been indigenously designed and developed by IHCL. The first of the Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ hotel was launch ed in Bangalore and was called indiOne. Having completed the test marketing of the concept and subsequent fine-tuning of the hotel facilities and services, the Smart Basics concept is now ready to roll out  across India. These hotels have been launched with a new name – Ginger hotels – in sync with the fresh, simple-yet-stylish and warm world of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢. The Ginger hotels are built around a unique concept that provides facilities to meet the key needs of today’s traveller, at surprisingly affordable rates. They have created a new category in the domestic hospitality landscape, while giving a major fillip to Indian tourism and other ancillary industries. The primary objective behind the launch of these hotels is to provide a superior product offering and consistent experience to travellers, beyond the present offerings in the industry. Contact Roots Corporation Limited Ginger Corporate Office Godrej & Boyce Complex Gate no. 8, plant no. 13 office building Vikhroli (E) Mumbai 400079 Phone: +91-22-6777 3366 Fax: +91-22-6777 3377 For reservations and enquiries Call national toll-free number 1800 220 022 or call our reservation network +91-22-66014634 Email: reservations@gingerhotels.com Value added services Taxi and traveller’s van service Doctor on call Check-in, check-out 12 noon SELF CHECK IN Save time and fuss with Ginger’s unique self check-in facility, which allows you to help yourself in without any assistance from the Front Office. The automated check-in kiosk, powered by Astrolifeâ„ ¢, has been introduced in India for the first time and our guests love it. SAFE ZONE Keep your valuables safe and secure in the state-of-the-art security systems Ginger has installed for you. All rooms have electronic tamper-proof locks. You also have the option of using the digital safes at the Give ‘n’ Takeâ„ ¢ counter, at a very nominal charge. GIVE N TAKE Keep your valuables safe and secure in the state-of-the-art security systems Ginger has installed for you. All rooms have electronic tamper-proof locks. You also have the option of using the digital safes at the Give ‘n’ Takeâ„ ¢ counter, at a very nominal charge. GYMNASIUM At Ginger, we realise the importance of   exercise as a stress buster and as part of a healthy lifestyle. All our hotels have well-equipped gymnasiums with treadmills, exercycles, boxing bags, weights, etc. Please help yourselves! MEETING ROOM Conduct your meetings and presentations at Ginger’s capacious conference rooms. Our meeting rooms seat about 8-10 people with boardroom style seating, wi-fi connectivity and audio-visual equipment. You need to inform us in advance if you wish to hire a conference room. NET ZONE Stay connected to your favourite sites in cyberspace with our high-speed internet connection at Net Zone. For those who want to avail of wi-fi connectivity, we offer wi-fi cards on sale at the reception. CURRENCY EXCHANGE Ginger hotels have a currency exchange facility where all major currencies and traveller’s cheques can be exchanged. WATER DESPENSER Quench your thirst with the complimentary bottle of mineral water in the minifridge in your room and, when you need a refill, just walk down to the water dispenser on your floor. VENDING MACHINES Vending machines have been installed at all Ginger locations. These machines are equipped with an array of products ranging from juices to toiletries. This 24-hour service will save you the trouble of stepping out of the hotel for a purchase. VISION & MISSION VISION Ginger is a fresh and warm experience, of an unsurpassed value. MISSION We provide smart, clean and safe hospitality offerings by adopting next-practices that constantly enhance value for our patrons. We are driven by respect for people and nature and passion for our stakeholders. VALUES Customer-driven excellence: We anticipate expectations and delight our patrons with convenient and modern facilities at an unsurpassed value. Entrepreneurship: We strive to take ownership of the tasks we perform and to create an environment that encourages and supports initiative and appropriate risk-taking. Innovation: We believe that making meaningful changes to improve products, services and processes to create value for all stakeholders is an integral part of the daily work of the organization. Valuing employees, partners and communities: We believe in nurturing and developing internal and external partnerships, balancing the growth of the core business while preserving natural resources and contributing to society. Speed and agility: We deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and short response time. Fun, joy and zing: We believe that a happy employee leads to a delighted guest. 11 HOTELS Situated on the airport road, Ginger Agartala provides easy accessibility to every part of the city. Located close to the International Tech Park in Bangalore, Ginger Bangalore is ideal for the business traveller. Stay at Ginger Bhubhaneshwar in the heart of the city, within easy distance of all important cultural and business areas. Conveniently located close to the City Centre, Ginger Durgapur is in the residential part of town. Situated close to Har-ki-pauri in   Haridwar, Ginger Haridwar is the first choice of pilgrims to the holy city. Nestled in the peaceful environs of the Vasanth Mahal road, Ginger Mysore is close to both the business and tourist centres. Located centrally in Satpur MIDC, Ginger Nashik is easily accessible from the bus stand, railway station and airport. Located in the French colony at Oulgaret Municipality, Ginger Puducherry is near to the airport. The Ginger hotel in Pune is in the Pimpri Chinchwad region, the industrial hub of the city. In Thiruvananthapuram, Ginger is located inside the sprawling Technopark campus. Conveniently located at Fatehgunj camp road, Ginger Vadodara is just 3km from the airport. COMPONENTS OF MARKETING SYSTEM In developing a marketing plan for a hotel, each of the following components, known as the 6 P’s of marketing system, are to be considered. 1. People 2. Product 3. Price 4. Promotion 5. Package 6. Performance 1. People ž Who are the present and potential customers? ž Where are they? ž What are their needs, desires and constraints? 2. Product ž What are the existing or planned facilities and services? ž How closely do they match? ž Do they address correctly what the guests want and desire? 3. Price Consider the hotels’ need to operate at a profit while offering products and services which are competitive not only with other comparable hotel facilities, but with other products such as vacations abroad, second homes, camping and the suchlike. 4. Promotion ž Utilize all appropriate communication media and merchandising tools ž Attract the attention of prospects ž See that the product and price are right 5. Performance Living up to what has been promised in every respect in order to maximize the guests’ length of stay, amount of spending, and loyalty, so that the guest becomes a repeat customer and the hotel’s ambassador of goodwill. 6. Package ž Comprises of incentives, including discounts and loyalty programs ž Attractive set of offers put together at what the customer perceives as a reasonable price ž Offers a good experience and value for money MARKETING MIX The three elements of marketing plans are as under. 1. Customer or Prospect Mix ž Who are the present customers? ž Who are the desired customers? 2. Service Mix ž What needs and wants of each group are now being met? ž What needs and wants of each group should be met in the future? 3. Promotion Mix ž How is the demand being activated and sustained? ž How should it be? ž Promotion mix includes Advertising, Promoting, Merchandising and Personal Selling VALUE AND WORTH Value is the customer’s estimate of the product’s capacity to his set of goals. Worth is the perception of the balance between satisfied goals and the costs involved in satisfying these goals. Good value is where worth is perceived as greater than the costs, and poor value where the costs are perceived greater than the worth. As consumer needs, wants and demands change, as competition increases, and as  technology offers new opportunities, the process of creating a consumer-product relationship is also the process of managing change. Broadly, advertising, promoting and merchandising may be described as the process of bringing the buyer and seller together once the needs of both these parties have been understood. PROMOTION The product in a hotel context constitutes a wholesome package on the offer, and attempts to satisfy and convey: ž The image of the establishment ž Quality of the product and service ž Style of management Prices ž Environment, facilities and services Promotion is an activity directly concerned with the product. Promotion should inform the customers of the establishment, make them aware of its existence, persuade them to buy and convince them of the image and quality of the product. This is done by way of: Personal selling Advertising Sales promotions Merchandising Public relations Agents Promotion is an activity which must be carefully planned and controlled. Usually the main objective of the promotional campaign is to stimulate demand by using persuasive messages to attract past users and new customers to the establishment. Such messages should convince prospective customers that the product on offer is good value for money. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is doe through contacts with local organizations and committees, or more directly through the restaurant staff talking to guests. All employees who are in contact with the customer must be made aware of the importance of selling the products to increase profits and provide a satisfactory experience for the customers. Personal selling is the most potent method of promoting sales where the seller has an opportunity to make a complete presentation of his sales story, answer all objectives, and follow through the computation of a sale with a signed order. All staff must therefore gain a good knowledge of the company’s products and services, and develop good social skills with an ability to promote and sell. Showing concern for the customers not only makes them feel comfortable, but also promotes sales and increases the effectiveness of the establishment. ADVERTISING Advertising should convey messages which influence customer behavior. Advertisements should convey and result in: ž An immediate increase in sales ž Awareness of the existence of the establishment ž Informing the public of the name and location of the establishment ž Telephones and faxes of the establishment ž Timings and dates of operation ž The type of offer – room, restaurant, catering, leisure activities ž Style of food and drink offered ž Unique selling propositions and special features ž Whom to contact for what Advertising messages should define and clarify: ž Objectives of the advertisement ž Menu offering ž Target customers ž Media type to reach target ž Timing of the advertisement ž Budget ž Product differentiators The medium used for the advertisement may be television, radio, newspapers, magazines and journals, Internet, pamphlets, brochures, posters, static poster sites, sponsorships, cinema and direct mailers. The selection of the medium depends on the budget and the target audience. Large hotel companies organize their own local campaigns. This requires that the hotel progresses and reviews the various stages in the preparation of various ads and be aware of the advertising production cycle. SALES PROMOTION Sales promotion is a day to day operation relating to discount offers, price reduction and special offers. They are designed to appeal to a certain section of the market or the target audience. Food festivals, for example, are held to promote cuisine and beverages of a particular region or country. A theme promotion may help the business and promote sales by way of volume of sales increased during off-peak periods by attracting new customers, gain publicity in the local media circle, and stimulate and interest regular groups. Follow up after sales is a very vital component of any promotional activity. MERCHANDISING The objective of merchandising in F&B is not so much to create new techniques, but to implement existing merchandising techniques to their utmost potential. A customer can hardly buy what he doesn’t know, and so all merchandising and salesmanship should be directed to the five senses of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. Based on these factors, we should analyze our restaurants in detail in order to establish adequate programs for improvement. Sight – The most common technique in this category is the use of visual displays. These not only include static displays of fruit or ice, but also menus, tabletops, trolleys and carts, and the suchlike. Smell – Aroma stimulates taste-buds, and the use of smell to sell is a very effective tool. Aromas used effectively in restaurants include freshly brewed coffee, exotic herbs and spices, and the like. Taste – Whereas the success of a restaurant depends on the taste of the food, successful merchandising may includ e pre-order tasting and niblets. Touch – Merchandising to the touch not only include various textures on the food but also such things as crisp napkins and beautiful crystal ware. DEFINITION OF MARKETING The word market is derived from the Latin work ‘Marcatus’ meaning goods or trade or a place where business is conducted. The term marketing is defined  as a ‘business activity planned at satisfying to a reasonable extent, consumer or customer needs and wants, generally through on exchange process’. The human needs are less and are important for his survival. The wants of people are many and varied and change with time, place and society. The wants keep changing with life styles, earning capacity of consumers, social values, education etc. Human intentions and decision to acquire may not be the same due to existing conditions. A man like or intend to stay in a five star hotel. He may decide (or acquire) a room in a three star hotel due to his tight financial position. Kotler defines marketing as â€Å"a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others. As per the definition by the American Marketing Association (AMA), marketing is â€Å"the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.† ‘Market’ traditionally is a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange their goods. With this concept of markets, it is seen that Marketing means working with markets to actualize potential exchanges for the purpose of satisfying human needs and wants. To meet the exchange process in the market, considerable skill and work is put by one party to the transaction. To bring in the desired response from the other party in a market, the marketer has to analyze, plan, implement and control activities. Definition of Marketing Management, according to Kotler, is the process of planning and executing the conception, the pricing, promotion and distribution ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. He has thus approved the definition of the AMA. Marketing Management is engaged in influencing the level, timing the  composition of demand in a manner that will help an organization to achieve its objectives. Marketing Management is basically demand management. COMPONENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF MARKET Market is a social and economic institution which performs activities and provides infrastructure for exchange of commodities between buyers and sellers. A market is not confined to a particular geographical location, it exists wherever the fundamental forces of demand and supply exist. Market Components The following components are necessary for a market to exist: Two parties are necessary – one buyer/s and secondly seller/s Goods or commodity for transaction. Physical existence of goods is not necessary. Business relation and communication between buyer and seller and Demarcation-area or place there, uniform price or competition is not a condition. Classification of Markets Based on nature and dimensions, markets are classified as under: 1.Area of Coverage Local Market: Where buying and selling activities are taking place, where buyers and sellers belong to same or nearby villages. These are for perishable items like vegetables. Tehsil Level Markets: Market catering to buyers and sellers of taluka area. Buyers and seller meet for their stock of food grains and other daily use items. Regional Level Markets: Usually at district headquarters to cater to a larger area. National Level: Buyers and sellers world over meet in this market. These are large scale markets and business value and volumes are large. The items transacted include, silver, gold, non-ferrous metals, petro goods and machinery. In the recent past, agricultural commodities have also entered the area. 2.Location Village Market: The transactions between buyer and seller takes place in a small village center called a village market or a Haat. This meet is periodical, usually once or twice a week Primary Market: The villagers take their agricultural produce to the nearby town or Tehsil on bullock carts, buses or tractors-transaction in the town market takes place between farmers and products. Wholesale Markets: These markets are located at important commercial centers or district headquarters. The arrivals from villagers and other markets are large in quantities. The transactions take place among villagers, village traders and wholesalers. There are specialized marketing functions that take place in this market. They are commission agents, brokers, packers, weighment etc. These are also called Secondary markets. Terminal Market: This market caters to the final consumer or processor. These are organized and modern markets. These markets are in cities or state capitals and deal in many commodities. 3.Volumes of Trade Retail Markets: Where goods are brought and sold to consumers based on actual requirements. The retailers purchases goods from the wholesale market and sell in small lots to the nearby consumers. Wholesale Markets: The wholesale markets are in big cities or commercial centers in a district. The commodities are brought in bit lots bulk and sold in bulk. These markets balance supply and demand fluctuations and also determine the prices of the commodities being transacted. As such wholesale markets are an important part in the market scheme. 4.Time Span Short Period Market: These markets are for few hours or a day in a week. Generally perishable goods like vegetables, fruits, milk, fish, mutton are traded. The prices are fixed on the basis of demand pattern. Long Period Market: Where perishable items for a long period are traded. The items are food grains, oilseeds and oil. The prices are governed by supply as well as demand forces in the market. Permanent Market: Markets where commodities can be kept for any length of time like machinery, steel furniture, manufactured goods. 5.Number of Commodities General Market: These markets deal in a large number of commodities and of different quality and packages. The items are as groceries, foodgrains, oils, oilseeds, sugar etc. Specialised Markets: Markets where only one or wo commodities are transacted are called specialized markets. Examples are foodgrain markets, electrical markets, cotton markets and vegetable markets. 6.Type of Transactions Spot or Cash Markets: Where goods are exchanged immediately on payment of cash Forward Markets: In this market, the timing of exchange of commodity and purchase and sale of that commodity are not same. The goods are delivered at a later date. Sometimes the goods are not delivered at all, only difference being in sales and purchase price which are paid as per agreements. 7.Degree of Competition Market are seen from perfect competition to pure monopoly. The markets may exist different intermediate points. The markets are classified on the basis on basis of competition as under: Perfect Markets: The perfect market in true sense does not exist. This presupposes that There are large numbers of buyers and sellers. The buyers and sellers in the market have indepth knowledge of prices, demand and supply. Price are uniform in a geographical area- Plus or minus cost of transportation from surplus to deficit market. Plus or minus cost of storage over a period of time. Plus or minus cost of converting the product from one to another. Imperfect Markets: In this market, the conditions of perfect market are lacking. These are: Monopoly market where there is only one seller of a commodity. He has sole control. The prices are generally higher. When there is only one buyer, the market is termed as monophony market. Duopoly market is a market there are two sellers of a commodity in the market. Where there are only two buyers in the market, it is called duopsony market. Monopolistic competition: Where a large number of sellers are selling heterogeneous and differentiated forms of a commodity, the situation is termed monopolistic competition. Example – farmer has to choose between various makes or brands of pesticides, pumpsets and fertilizers. 8.Nature of Commodities Commodity Markets: Pertains to the types of goods like grains, cotton, sugar, fertilizers etc. Capital Markets: Markets where shares, debentures and bonds are purchased and sold as in share markets. 9.Government Intervention Regulated Markets: Where markets are controlled by government or statutory rules and regulations, pricing and distribution are as per laid down rules. Unregulated Markets: The seller or trader makes his own rules for conduct of business. These are not government rules for trading. The traders may exploit the situations. 10Accrual of Marketing Margins This is done on the basis of whom the marketing goes. These are usually cooperative market. These are prevalent in milk, fertilizer and sugar industries. The margins are distributed to the cooperative members. 11Type of Population Served Urban Market: Markets to serve the urban population. Rural Market: Markets to meet demands originating from the rural population. MARKETING SYSTEM Marketing activity presently dealt with focused on the commercial transaction between a seller and a buyer. The seller offers his commodities to the buyer to satisfy his needs and wants. The buyer purchases the commodity or services as per his needs and demand. Marketing Activity and Environment The framework or environment in which marketing activity takes place is within and outside the buyer and seller organizations – some are controllable and some are uncontrollable variables. Some variables can be controlled by the seller that is one can plan, organize and perform – whereas there are variables which are beyond and control. Five Ps The controllable variables are planned and their level of intensities are used to influence the target market. This is called the marketing mix. E.J. McCarthy developed the marketing mix. They are the five Ps-Product, Price, Packaging, Place and Promotion. The variables in each of these Ps is detailed in Fig. Product Price Packaging Place Promotion Quality List price Lot size Retail outlets Advertising Options Discount Durability Channels Personal selling Features Allowances Appeal Coverage Sales promotion Style Payment period Ease in handling Inventory Publicity Brand name Credit terms And Transport Transport Public relations Size Handling Warranties Store keeping Returns Appeal Value 5Ps and their variables MARKETING GOALS Marketing is an important and integral part of any enterprise. It follows of the organization, that is marketing desires goals from an organization. gives goals of an organization and its marketing arm. Organization Marketing Growth Product Sales growth Market development Diversification Profitability Maximum sales revenue Maximum contribution Market Penetration Market leadership Innovation Consumer satisfaction Image Company image Brand image Social image Goals of Organization and Marketing SELLING AND MARKETING CONCEPTS Selling concept holds that, if left alone, a customer will ordinarily not buy enough products of the organization. the organization must, therefore, go for aggressive selling and invest in promotional campaigns. This is a common man’s approach. The aim is to sell what an organization makes rather than make what the market wants. On the hand, marketing is a business philosophy that is opposed to the selling concept. The marketing concept holds that the key to achieve goals of an organization consists of being more effective than its competitors in evolving and executing marketing activities towards determining and satisfying the needs and wants of target markets. The concept is put is few words – â€Å"find wants and fill them† or â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. The difference between selling and marketing are detailed in below. Concepts Starting Points Focus Means End The Selling Concept Factory Products Selling and Promoting Profits through sales through The Marketing Target Customer Integrated Profit through Concepts Market Needs Marketing Customer Satisfaction DIFFERENCES IN SELLING AND MARKETING CONCEPTS Market Structure and Dynamics Market structure has to meet the requirements and adjust substantially to the changing environment. For good performance, the market structure should keep pace with: Demand Changes in Market The market structure should be reoriented to keep pace with demand for products in terms of size, quality, packaging due to changes in incomes, consumer tastes and habits. Product Changes in the Market The production pattern changes with technology, economic and institutional reasons. The structure should be reoriented to suit changes. Marketing Function and Cost Factors Market information, enfacing inventory holding patterns and transport facilities have bearing on the type of market structure. Should change as per costs and changes in Government policies. CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSE Questionnaire Based Analysis 1. Do you think customer satisfaction is the main goal of the management of a budget hotel? 2. Do you think ensuring the customer of all the comfort will always help in repeat business? 3. What do you think is the reason for lack of repeat business even if all services provided to the guest are budget hotel? 4. What should be the main aspect to be worked upon to attract suitable guests? 5. Why do you think prospective guests are attracted the most by in a hotel facility? 6. What do you think is more important- the tangible goods (food, room, etc) or intangible services provided by hotel employees (courtesy, chivalry, friendly behavior, etc)— 7. How important is branding according to you? CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTIONNAIRE CONCLUSION Hotel Industry in across the globe needs to give a greater in-depth thought to branding their products and services to reap the benefits of changing customer needs. The Hotel Industry as a whole must continue to ensure Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty and thus make all efforts to retain customers. Hotels must be given a higher ratio of importance as future trends signify that the mentioned sector will be a cash cow for the investors. Innovation is also proposed as a key to success in the Hotel industry currently and also for the future as competition is growing rapidly. So, it will be a good idea to establish theme restaurants with variety of cuisines. Emphasizing on areas like Semiotics would result in generating brand recognition and awareness. This would be a helpful tool in order to impact the consumer’s mind. Media is the recommended channel through which the impact can be profound. Ensuring exceptional guest care by each and every employee should be the norm. To ensure this, flatter structures are recommended to stimulate communication process and close working as a team. Staff levels must be offered better pay packages since they are the ones in direct contact with your customers. Competitive pay packages will also help in retention of staff and better services to the customers. Empower employees, encourage and -support them in their decisions to build confidence. This will lead to better customer service at guest contact points. Outsourcing options should be considered seriously, and in as many services as possible. This will definitely lower payroll costs and may also improve efficiency of operations. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Kotler Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and control, 8th ed. 1996, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, New Delhi. 2. Roberts, John Marketing for the Hospitality Industry, 1993, Hodder Stoughton, London. 3. Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management, the millennium edition, (10th edition) 1999, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi. 4. Reich A.Z., Marketing Management for the hospitality Industry: a Strategic Approach (1997), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 5. Wearne. Neil; Hospitality Marketing, 2001, Global Books D Subscription Services, New Delhi. 6. Kotler, Bowers and Makens, Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 1996, Prentice- hall International, USA. 7. Pearce, J. II and Robinson, R.B. Jr., Formulation and Implementation of competitive strategy, 4th Ed. (1989), Homewood, IL:Irwin. 8. Knowles, Tim; Corporate Strategy for Hospitality, 1996, Longman Company Limited England. Trade Journal & Magazines: 1. Hotelier and Caterer 2. FHRAI magazine